力扣p707设计链表

在链表类中实现这些功能：
get(index)：获取链表中第 index 个节点的值。如果索引无效，则返回-1。
addAtHead(val)：在链表的第一个元素之前添加一个值为 val 的节点。插入后，新节点将成为链表的第一个节点。
addAtTail(val)：将值为 val 的节点追加到链表的最后一个元素。
addAtIndex(index,val)：在链表中的第 index 个节点之前添加值为 val 的节点。如果 index 等于链表的长度，则该节点将附加到链表的末尾。如果 index 大于链表长度，则不会插入节点。如果index小于0，则在头部插入节点。
deleteAtIndex(index)：如果索引 index 有效，则删除链表中的第 index 个节点。

java

//单链表
class ListNode {
    int val;
    ListNode next;
    ListNode(){}
    ListNode(int val) {
        this.val=val;
    }
}
class MyLinkedList {
    //size存储链表元素的个数
    int size;
    //虚拟头结点
    ListNode head;

    //初始化链表
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
    }

    //获取第index个节点的数值
    public int get(int index) {
        //如果index非法，返回-1
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return -1;
        }
        ListNode currentNode = head;
        //包含一个虚拟头节点，所以查找第 index+1 个节点
        for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++) {
            currentNode = currentNode.next;
        }
        return currentNode.val;
    }

    //在链表最前面插入一个节点
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        addAtIndex(0, val);
    }

    //在链表的最后插入一个节点
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(size, val);
    }

    // 在第 index 个节点之前插入一个新节点，例如index为0，那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
    // 如果 index 等于链表的长度，则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
    // 如果 index 大于链表的长度，则返回空
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > size) {
            return;
        }
        if (index < 0) {
            index = 0;
        }
        size++;
        //找到要插入节点的前驱
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        ListNode toAdd = new ListNode(val);
        toAdd.next = pred.next;
        pred.next = toAdd;
    }

    //删除第index个节点
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return;
        }
        size--;
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        pred.next = pred.next.next;
    }
}

//双链表
class MyLinkedList {
    class ListNode {
        int val;
        ListNode next,prev;
        ListNode(int x) {val = x;}
    }

    int size;
    ListNode head,tail;//Sentinel node

    /** Initialize your data structure here. */
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
        tail = new ListNode(0);
        head.next = tail;
        tail.prev = head;
    }
    
    /** Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. */
    public int get(int index) {
        if(index < 0 || index >= size){return -1;}
        ListNode cur = head;

        // 通过判断 index < (size - 1) / 2 来决定是从头结点还是尾节点遍历，提高效率
        if(index < (size - 1) / 2){
            for(int i = 0; i <= index; i++){
                cur = cur.next;
            }            
        }else{
            cur = tail;
            for(int i = 0; i <= size - index - 1; i++){
                cur = cur.prev;
            }
        }
        return cur.val;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. */
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        ListNode cur = head;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        cur.next = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. */
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        ListNode cur = tail;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = tail;
        newNode.prev = cur.prev;
        cur.prev.next = newNode;
        cur.prev = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. */
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if(index > size){return;}
        if(index < 0){index = 0;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        cur.next = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. */
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if(index >= size || index < 0){return;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        cur.next.next.prev = cur;
        cur.next = cur.next.next;
        size--;
    }
}

python

# 单链表
class Node:
    
    def __init__(self, val):
        self.val = val
        self.next = None


class MyLinkedList:

    def __init__(self):
        self._head = Node(0)  # 虚拟头部节点
        self._count = 0  # 添加的节点数

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        """
        Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._head
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                node = node.next
            return node.val
        else:
            return -1

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list.
        """
        self.addAtIndex(0, val)

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list.
        """
        self.addAtIndex(self._count, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted.
        """
        if index < 0:
            index = 0
        elif index > self._count:
            return

        # 计数累加
        self._count += 1

        add_node = Node(val)
        prev_node, current_node = None, self._head
        for _ in range(index + 1):
            prev_node, current_node = current_node, current_node.next
        else:
            prev_node.next, add_node.next = add_node, current_node

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        """
        Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            # 计数-1
            self._count -= 1
            prev_node, current_node = None, self._head
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                prev_node, current_node = current_node, current_node.next
            else:
                prev_node.next, current_node.next = current_node.next, None


# 双链表
# 相对于单链表, Node新增了prev属性
class Node:
    
    def __init__(self, val):
        self.val = val
        self.prev = None
        self.next = None


class MyLinkedList:

    def __init__(self):
        self._head, self._tail = Node(0), Node(0)  # 虚拟节点
        self._head.next, self._tail.prev = self._tail, self._head
        self._count = 0  # 添加的节点数

    def _get_node(self, index: int) -> Node:
        # 当index小于_count//2时, 使用_head查找更快, 反之_tail更快
        if index >= self._count // 2:
            # 使用prev往前找
            node = self._tail
            for _ in range(self._count - index):
                node = node.prev
        else:
            # 使用next往后找
            node = self._head   
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                node = node.next
        return node

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        """
        Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._get_node(index)
            return node.val
        else:
            return -1

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list.
        """
        self._update(self._head, self._head.next, val)

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list.
        """
        self._update(self._tail.prev, self._tail, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted.
        """
        if index < 0:
            index = 0
        elif index > self._count:
            return
        node = self._get_node(index)
        self._update(node.prev, node, val)

    def _update(self, prev: Node, next: Node, val: int) -> None:
        """
            更新节点
            :param prev: 相对于更新的前一个节点
            :param next: 相对于更新的后一个节点
            :param val:  要添加的节点值
        """
        # 计数累加
        self._count += 1
        node = Node(val)
        prev.next, next.prev = node, node
        node.prev, node.next = prev, next

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        """
        Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._get_node(index)
            # 计数-1
            self._count -= 1
            node.prev.next, node.next.prev = node.next, node.prev