读懂才会用 : 瞅瞅Redis的epoll模型

上一篇提到了Redis采用epoll模型来提升链接处理能力。本文,我们从源代码的角度,简单理解Redis是如何使用epoll以及epoll的实现原理。浅入浅出~

通过本文了解如下三件事儿,就算是达到了本文目的:

1、epoll是Linux提供的系统实现,核心方法只有三个

2、epoll效率高,是因为基于红黑树、双向链表、事件回调机制

3、redis的IO多路复用,Linux上用epoll进行了实现

epoll是Linux内核提供的一种多路复用器,照例问问Linux的男人:


EPOLL(7)                    Linux Programmer's Manual                    EPOLL(7)

NAME
       epoll - I/O event notification facility

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/epoll.h>

DESCRIPTION
       The epoll API performs a similar task to poll(2): monitoring multiple file
       descriptors to see if I/O is possible on any of them.  The epoll  API  can
       be  used  either  as  an edge-triggered or a level-triggered interface and
       scales well to large numbers of watched file descriptors.   The  following
       system calls are provided to create and manage an epoll instance:

       *  epoll_create(2) creates an epoll instance and returns a file descriptor
          referring to that instance.  (The more recent epoll_create1(2)  extends
          the functionality of epoll_create(2).)

       *  Interest   in  particular  file  descriptors  is  then  registered  via
          epoll_ctl(2).  The set of file descriptors currently registered  on  an
          epoll instance is sometimes called an epoll set.
       *  epoll_wait(2)  waits  for I/O events, blocking the calling thread if no
          events are currently available.

核心方法

man告诉我们epoll的定义在sys/epoll.h中,查看核心函数有3个:(在线代码https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.76/source/fs/eventpoll.c

epoll_create

epoll_create(int size)

核心功能:

  1. 创建一个epoll文件描述符

  2. 创建eventpoll,其中包含红黑树cache和双向链表

参数size并不是限制了epoll所能监听的文件描述符最大个数,只是对内核初始分配内部数据结构的一个建议。在Linux 2.6.8后,size 参数被忽略,但是必须传一个比 0 大的数。

调用epoll_create后,会占用一个fd值。在Linux下可以查看/proc/$$/fd/ 文件描述符。使用完,需要调用close关闭。

eventpoll代码片段:


struct eventpoll {
	/*
	 * This mutex is used to ensure that files are not removed
	 * while epoll is using them. This is held during the event
	 * collection loop, the file cleanup path, the epoll file exit
	 * code and the ctl operations.
	 */
	struct mutex mtx;

	/* Wait queue used by sys_epoll_wait() */
	wait_queue_head_t wq;

	/* Wait queue used by file->poll() */
	wait_queue_head_t poll_wait;

	/* List of ready file descriptors */
	struct list_head rdllist;//就绪列表,采用双向链表

	/* RB tree root used to store monitored fd structs */
	struct rb_root_cached rbr;//红黑树,保存存活的fd

	/*
	 * This is a single linked list that chains all the "struct epitem" that
	 * happened while transferring ready events to userspace w/out
	 * holding ->wq.lock.
	 */
	struct epitem *ovflist;

	/* wakeup_source used when ep_scan_ready_list is running */
	struct wakeup_source *ws;

	/* The user that created the eventpoll descriptor */
	struct user_struct *user;

	struct file *file;

	/* used to optimize loop detection check */
	int visited;
	struct list_head visited_list_link;

#ifdef CONFIG_NET_RX_BUSY_POLL
	/* used to track busy poll napi_id */
	unsigned int napi_id;
#endif
};

epollctl

int epollctl(int epfd, int op, int fd, struct epollevent *event);

核心功能:

  1. 对指定描述符fd执行op的绑定操作

  2. 把fd写入红黑树,同时在内核注册回调函数

op操作类型,用三个宏EPOLL_CTL_ADD,EPOLL_CTL_DEL,EPOLL_CTL_MOD,来分别表示增删改对fd的监听。

epollwait

int epollwait(int epfd, struct epollevent *events, int maxevents, int timeout);

核心功能:

  1. 获取epfd上的io事件

参数events是就绪事件,用来得到想要获得的事件集合。maxevents表示的events有多大,maxevents的值必须大于0,参数timeout是超时时间。epollwait会阻塞,直到一个文件描述符触发了事件,或者被一个信号处理函数打断,或者timeout超时。返回值是需要处理的fd数量。

 

工作机制

  • 建立高速缓存(红黑树)和待读取列表(双向链表)

  • 对要监控的fd(一切都是fd,参考NIO 看破也说破(一)—— Linux/IO 基础),进行事件绑定。事件发生,通过callback放入待读取列表

  • 阻塞获取待读取列表

 

执行流程

 

优点

  1. epoll创建的红黑树保存所有fd,没有大小限制,且增删查的复杂度O(logN)

  2. 基于callback,利用系统内核触发感兴趣的事件

  3. 就绪列表为双线链表时间复杂度O(1)

  4. 应用获取到的fd都是真实发生IO的fd,与select 和 poll 需要不断轮询判断是否可用相比,能避免无用的内存拷贝

结合Redis代码

源码太多,我们只看和本文相关的模块

事件处理模块 ae.c/ae_epoll.c

网路链接库 anet.cnetworking.c

服务器端 server.c

创建事件管理器

server.c 的 L2702 initServer() 是redis server 的启动入口,

首先创建aeEventLoop对象,在L2743调用 aeCreateEventLoop(),初始化未就绪文件事件表、就绪文件事件表。events指针指向未就绪文件事件表、fired指针指向就绪文件事件表。


aeEventLoop *aeCreateEventLoop(int setsize) {
    aeEventLoop *eventLoop;
    int i;

    if ((eventLoop = zmalloc(sizeof(*eventLoop))) == NULL) goto err;
    eventLoop->events = zmalloc(sizeof(aeFileEvent)*setsize);
    eventLoop->fired = zmalloc(sizeof(aeFiredEvent)*setsize);
    if (eventLoop->events == NULL || eventLoop->fired == NULL) goto err;
    eventLoop->setsize = setsize;
    eventLoop->lastTime = time(NULL);
    eventLoop->timeEventHead = NULL;
    eventLoop->timeEventNextId = 0;
    eventLoop->stop = 0;
    eventLoop->maxfd = -1;
    eventLoop->beforesleep = NULL;
    eventLoop->aftersleep = NULL;
    eventLoop->flags = 0;
    if (aeApiCreate(eventLoop) == -1) goto err;
    /* Events with mask == AE_NONE are not set. So let's initialize the
     * vector with it. */
    for (i = 0; i < setsize; i++)
        eventLoop->events[i].mask = AE_NONE;
    return eventLoop;

err:
    if (eventLoop) {
        zfree(eventLoop->events);
        zfree(eventLoop->fired);
        zfree(eventLoop);
    }
    return NULL;
}

 

ae_epoll.c L39 调用aeApiCreate 函数,首先创建了aeApiState对象,初始化了epoll就绪事件表;然后调用epoll_create创建了epoll实例,最后将该aeApiState赋值给apidata属性


static int aeApiCreate(aeEventLoop *eventLoop) {
    aeApiState *state = zmalloc(sizeof(aeApiState));

    if (!state) return -1;
    state->events = zmalloc(sizeof(struct epoll_event)*eventLoop->setsize);
    if (!state->events) {
        zfree(state);
        return -1;
    }
    state->epfd = epoll_create(1024); /* 1024 is just a hint for the kernel */
    if (state->epfd == -1) {
        zfree(state->events);
        zfree(state);
        return -1;
    }
    eventLoop->apidata = state;
    return 0;
}

 

绑定事件

aeFileEvent是文件事件结构,对于每一个具体的事件,都有读处理函数和写处理函数。Redis 调用aeCreateFileEvent函数针对不同的套接字的读写事件,注册对应的文件事件。


/* File event structure */
typedef struct aeFileEvent {
    int mask; /* one of AE_(READABLE|WRITABLE|BARRIER) */
    aeFileProc *rfileProc;//读
    aeFileProc *wfileProc;//写
    void *clientData;
} aeFileEvent;

server.c L2848 aeCreateFileEvent 创建文件事件,执行 ae_epoll.c L73 aeApiAddEvent


static int aeApiAddEvent(aeEventLoop *eventLoop, int fd, int mask) {
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    struct epoll_event ee = {0}; /* avoid valgrind warning */
    /* If the fd was already monitored for some event, we need a MOD
     * operation. Otherwise we need an ADD operation. */
    int op = eventLoop->events[fd].mask == AE_NONE ?
            EPOLL_CTL_ADD : EPOLL_CTL_MOD;

    ee.events = 0;
    mask |= eventLoop->events[fd].mask; /* Merge old events */
    if (mask & AE_READABLE) ee.events |= EPOLLIN;
    if (mask & AE_WRITABLE) ee.events |= EPOLLOUT;
    ee.data.fd = fd;
    if (epoll_ctl(state->epfd,op,fd,&ee) == -1) return -1;
    return 0;
}

aeApiAddEvent 调用系统 epoll_ctl,注册事件 

 

处理事件

server.c倒数第三行,调用aeMain方法


void aeMain(aeEventLoop *eventLoop) {
    eventLoop->stop = 0;
    while (!eventLoop->stop) {
        if (eventLoop->beforesleep != NULL)
            eventLoop->beforesleep(eventLoop);
        aeProcessEvents(eventLoop, AE_ALL_EVENTS|AE_CALL_AFTER_SLEEP);
    }
}

aeProcessEvents方法中针对事件和文件事件处理,在ae.c L433 调用 aeApiPoll,方法具体实现在ae_poll.c L108:


static int aeApiPoll(aeEventLoop *eventLoop, struct timeval *tvp) {
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    int retval, numevents = 0;

    retval = epoll_wait(state->epfd,state->events,eventLoop->setsize,
            tvp ? (tvp->tv_sec*1000 + tvp->tv_usec/1000) : -1);
    if (retval > 0) {
        int j;

        numevents = retval;
        for (j = 0; j < numevents; j++) {
            int mask = 0;
            struct epoll_event *e = state->events+j;

            if (e->events & EPOLLIN) mask |= AE_READABLE;
            if (e->events & EPOLLOUT) mask |= AE_WRITABLE;
            if (e->events & EPOLLERR) mask |= AE_WRITABLE|AE_READABLE;
            if (e->events & EPOLLHUP) mask |= AE_WRITABLE|AE_READABLE;
            eventLoop->fired[j].fd = e->data.fd;
            eventLoop->fired[j].mask = mask;
        }
    }
    return numevents;
}

调用epoll_wait阻塞等待epoll的事件就绪,超时时间就是之前根据最快达到时间事件计算而来的超时时间;然后将就绪的epoll事件转换到fired就绪事件。aeApiPoll就是上文所说的I/O多路复用程序。

 

结论

  • epoll_create 创建就绪列表

  • epoll_ctl绑定事件,事件发生时fd到就绪列表

  • epoll_wait读取就绪列表

参考:

redis6.0.1源码

https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v4.19.76/source/fs/eventpoll.c

man手册

NIO 看破也说破(一)—— Linux/IO 基础

 

关注我

如果您在微信阅读,请您点击链接 关注我 ,如果您在 PC 上阅读请扫码关注我,欢迎与我交流随时指出错误

 

评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值