MySQL数据库备份mysqldump

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前言

MySQL是一个广泛使用的开源关系型数据库管理系统，可用于存储和管理数据。为了保护数据，我们需要定期备份数据库，以便在数据丢失或损坏时可以恢复数据。在本文中，我将介绍如何使用mysqldump命令来备份MySQL数据库。

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一、关于备份

热备份和冷备份

热备份是指在MySQL服务器运行时进行备份，这种备份方式不会中断MySQL服务器的正常运行。备份过程中，MySQL服务器仍然可以读写数据库。这种备份方式比较简单，适合数据量不是很大的情况。

冷备份是指在MySQL服务器停止运行时进行备份，这种备份方式需要将MySQL服务器停止运行一段时间，等待备份完成后再启动MySQL服务器。这种备份方式适合数据量较大的情况，因为备份时间较长，备份过程中MySQL服务器无法读写数据库。

一般来说，MySQL备份建议使用多种备份方式相结合，比如使用热备份进行备份，使用冷备份进行灾备。

MySQL备份种类

1. 完全备份（Full Backup）：包含数据表、索引、触发器、存储过程、视图、数据文件等所有内容。

2. 增量备份（Incremental Backup）：只包含最近一次完全备份之后修改过的数据，可以快速恢复最新的数据。

3. 差异备份（Differential Backup）：与增量备份类似，只包含最近一次完全备份之后修改过的数据，但可以通过两个差异备份之间的差异进行恢复，更加高效。

4. 压缩备份（Compressed Backup）：通过对数据进行压缩，减少备份文件的大小，便于存储和传输。

5. 远程备份（Remote Backup）：通过网络传输数据到远程服务器，可以实现数据的分布式备份和恢复。

6. 磁盘备份（Disk Backup）：将MySQL数据库文件和配置文件备份到磁盘上，可以实现快速恢复数据，但恢复速度相对较慢。

7. 文件备份（File Backup）：将MySQL数据库文件和配置文件备份到文件中，可以通过网络传输到其他服务器进行恢复。

不同的备份种类适用于不同的场景，需要根据实际情况进行选择。

二、mysqldump使用步骤

通常情况下， mysqldump 是 MySQL 内置的备份工具，可以用来备份和导出MySQL数据库。该工具通过生成一个包含数据库中所有表和表结构的SQL脚本文件，从而实现了数据备份和导出的功能。该脚本文件可以被用来还原MySQL数据库，或者在不同的MySQL服务器之间进行迁移。

常见参数

mysqldump是MySQL的备份工具，可以将MySQL数据库的结构和数据备份到指定的文件中。使用mysqldump备份MySQL数据库非常方便，以下是一些常用的mysqldump命令和选项：

mysqldump命令用于备份MySQL数据库，语法如下

    mysqldump [OPTIONS] DATABASE [TABLE [TABLE ...]] > DUMPFILE

其中，DATABASE是要备份的数据库名，TABLE是要备份的表名，多个表名之间用空格分隔，–skip-opt选项可以忽略优化选项，–all-databases选项可以备份所有数据库。

常用选项：

*   b：备份二进制日志文件。
    
*   h HOST：备份数据库所在主机的主机名或IP地址。
    
*   u USERNAME：备份数据库所用的用户名。
    
*   p PASSWORD：备份数据库所用的密码。
    
*   r：将备份文件复制到指定的位置。
    
*   t：只备份指定的数据表，而不备份数据表的其他信息，例如索引、触发器等。
    
*   n：只备份表结构，而不备份表的数据。

备份完成后，可以使用mysql命令加上用户名和密码连接到备份的数据库，查看备份文件中包含的内容，例如：

mysql -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD DATABASE

创建备份文件

使用以下命令创建一个名为 backup.sql 的备份文件：

mysqldump -u root -p your_database_name > backup.sql

其中，root 是 MySQL 的超级用户，your\_database\_name 是要备份的数据库名称。\> backup.sql 是将备份文件写入 backup.sql 文件中。

执行备份命令

如果你需要备份多个数据库或者多个表，可以在 mysqldump 命令中指定相应的选项。以下是备份多个数据库的命令示例：

mysqldump -u root -p -B your_database_name1 your_database_name2 > backup.sql

其中，\-B 选项表示备份多个数据库。

检查备份文件

备份完成后，可以在 backup.sql 文件中查看备份文件的内容。

恢复数据

使用以下命令恢复备份文件中的数据：

mysql -u root -p your_database_name < backup.sql

其中，root 是 MySQL 的超级用户，your\_database\_name 是要恢复的数据库名称。< backup.sql 是从备份文件中读取数据。

注意：在执行恢复命令前，一定要确保已经创建了相应的数据库和表。以上就是使用 mysqldump 进行数据备份和恢复的基本教程。

mysqldump --help

    [root@mysql5_7 ~]# mysqldump --help
    mysqldump  Ver 10.13 Distrib 5.7.43, for Linux (x86_64)
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Dumping structure and contents of MySQL databases and tables.
    Usage: mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]
    OR     mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
    OR     mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
    
    Default options are read from the following files in the given order:
    /etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /usr/etc/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf
    The following groups are read: mysqldump client
    The following options may be given as the first argument:
    --print-defaults        Print the program argument list and exit.
    --no-defaults           Don't read default options from any option file,
                            except for login file.
    --defaults-file=#       Only read default options from the given file #.
    --defaults-extra-file=# Read this file after the global files are read.
    --defaults-group-suffix=#
                            Also read groups with concat(group, suffix)
    --login-path=#          Read this path from the login file.
      -A, --all-databases Dump all the databases. This will be same as --databases
                          with all databases selected.
      -Y, --all-tablespaces
                          Dump all the tablespaces.
      -y, --no-tablespaces
                          Do not dump any tablespace information.
      --add-drop-database Add a DROP DATABASE before each create.
      --add-drop-table    Add a DROP TABLE before each create.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-drop-table to disable.)
      --add-drop-trigger  Add a DROP TRIGGER before each create.
      --add-locks         Add locks around INSERT statements.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-add-locks to disable.)
      --allow-keywords    Allow creation of column names that are keywords.
      --apply-slave-statements
                          Adds 'STOP SLAVE' prior to 'CHANGE MASTER' and 'START
                          SLAVE' to bottom of dump.
      --bind-address=name IP address to bind to.
      --character-sets-dir=name
                          Directory for character set files.
      -i, --comments      Write additional information.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-comments to disable.)
      --compatible=name   Change the dump to be compatible with a given mode. By
                          default tables are dumped in a format optimized for
                          MySQL. Legal modes are: ansi, mysql323, mysql40,
                          postgresql, oracle, mssql, db2, maxdb, no_key_options,
                          no_table_options, no_field_options. One can use several
                          modes separated by commas. Note: Requires MySQL server
                          version 4.1.0 or higher. This option is ignored with
                          earlier server versions.
      --compact           Give less verbose output (useful for debugging). Disables
                          structure comments and header/footer constructs.  Enables
                          options --skip-add-drop-table --skip-add-locks
                          --skip-comments --skip-disable-keys --skip-set-charset.
      -c, --complete-insert
                          Use complete insert statements.
      -C, --compress      Use compression in server/client protocol.
      -a, --create-options
                          Include all MySQL specific create options.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-create-options to disable.)
      -B, --databases     Dump several databases. Note the difference in usage; in
                          this case no tables are given. All name arguments are
                          regarded as database names. 'USE db_name;' will be
                          included in the output.
      -#, --debug[=#]     This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit.
      --debug-check       This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit.
      --debug-info        This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit.
      --default-character-set=name
                          Set the default character set.
      --delete-master-logs
                          Delete logs on master after backup. This automatically
                          enables --master-data.
      -K, --disable-keys  '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name DISABLE KEYS */; and
                          '/*!40000 ALTER TABLE tb_name ENABLE KEYS */; will be put
                          in the output.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-disable-keys to disable.)
      --dump-slave[=#]    This causes the binary log position and filename of the
                          master to be appended to the dumped data output. Setting
                          the value to 1, will printit as a CHANGE MASTER command
                          in the dumped data output; if equal to 2, that command
                          will be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will
                          turn --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is
                          specified too (in which case a global read lock is only
                          taken a short time at the beginning of the dump - don't
                          forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all
                          cases any action on logs will happen at the exact moment
                          of the dump.Option automatically turns --lock-tables off.
      -E, --events        Dump events.
      -e, --extended-insert
                          Use multiple-row INSERT syntax that include several
                          VALUES lists.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-extended-insert to disable.)
      --fields-terminated-by=name
                          Fields in the output file are terminated by the given
                          string.
      --fields-enclosed-by=name
                          Fields in the output file are enclosed by the given
                          character.
      --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=name
                          Fields in the output file are optionally enclosed by the
                          given character.
      --fields-escaped-by=name
                          Fields in the output file are escaped by the given
                          character.
      -F, --flush-logs    Flush logs file in server before starting dump. Note that
                          if you dump many databases at once (using the option
                          --databases= or --all-databases), the logs will be
                          flushed for each database dumped. The exception is when
                          using --lock-all-tables or --master-data: in this case
                          the logs will be flushed only once, corresponding to the
                          moment all tables are locked. So if you want your dump
                          and the log flush to happen at the same exact moment you
                          should use --lock-all-tables or --master-data with
                          --flush-logs.
      --flush-privileges  Emit a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement after dumping the mysql
                          database.  This option should be used any time the dump
                          contains the mysql database and any other database that
                          depends on the data in the mysql database for proper
                          restore.
      -f, --force         Continue even if we get an SQL error.
      -?, --help          Display this help message and exit.
      --hex-blob          Dump binary strings (BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB) in
                          hexadecimal format.
      -h, --host=name     Connect to host.
      --ignore-error=name A comma-separated list of error numbers to be ignored if
                          encountered during dump.
      --ignore-table=name Do not dump the specified table. To specify more than one
                          table to ignore, use the directive multiple times, once
                          for each table.  Each table must be specified with both
                          database and table names, e.g.,
                          --ignore-table=database.table.
      --include-master-host-port
                          Adds 'MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>' to 'CHANGE
                          MASTER TO..' in dump produced with --dump-slave.
      --insert-ignore     Insert rows with INSERT IGNORE.
      --lines-terminated-by=name
                          Lines in the output file are terminated by the given
                          string.
      -x, --lock-all-tables
                          Locks all tables across all databases. This is achieved
                          by taking a global read lock for the duration of the
                          whole dump. Automatically turns --single-transaction and
                          --lock-tables off.
      -l, --lock-tables   Lock all tables for read.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-lock-tables to disable.)
      --log-error=name    Append warnings and errors to given file.
      --master-data[=#]   This causes the binary log position and filename to be
                          appended to the output. If equal to 1, will print it as a
                          CHANGE MASTER command; if equal to 2, that command will
                          be prefixed with a comment symbol. This option will turn
                          --lock-all-tables on, unless --single-transaction is
                          specified too (in which case a global read lock is only
                          taken a short time at the beginning of the dump; don't
                          forget to read about --single-transaction below). In all
                          cases, any action on logs will happen at the exact moment
                          of the dump. Option automatically turns --lock-tables
                          off.
      --max-allowed-packet=#
                          The maximum packet length to send to or receive from
                          server.
      --net-buffer-length=#
                          The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication.
      --no-autocommit     Wrap tables with autocommit/commit statements.
      -n, --no-create-db  Suppress the CREATE DATABASE ... IF EXISTS statement that
                          normally is output for each dumped database if
                          --all-databases or --databases is given.
      -t, --no-create-info
                          Don't write table creation info.
      -d, --no-data       No row information.
      -N, --no-set-names  Same as --skip-set-charset.
      --opt               Same as --add-drop-table, --add-locks, --create-options,
                          --quick, --extended-insert, --lock-tables, --set-charset,
                          and --disable-keys. Enabled by default, disable with
                          --skip-opt.
      --order-by-primary  Sorts each table's rows by primary key, or first unique
                          key, if such a key exists.  Useful when dumping a MyISAM
                          table to be loaded into an InnoDB table, but will make
                          the dump itself take considerably longer.
      -p, --password[=name]
                          Password to use when connecting to server. If password is
                          not given it's solicited on the tty.
      -P, --port=#        Port number to use for connection.
      --protocol=name     The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe,
                          memory).
      -q, --quick         Don't buffer query, dump directly to stdout.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-quick to disable.)
      -Q, --quote-names   Quote table and column names with backticks (`).
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-quote-names to disable.)
      --replace           Use REPLACE INTO instead of INSERT INTO.
      -r, --result-file=name
                          Direct output to a given file. This option should be used
                          in systems (e.g., DOS, Windows) that use carriage-return
                          linefeed pairs (\r\n) to separate text lines. This option
                          ensures that only a single newline is used.
      -R, --routines      Dump stored routines (functions and procedures).
      --set-charset       Add 'SET NAMES default_character_set' to the output.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-set-charset to disable.)
      --set-gtid-purged[=name]
                          Add 'SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' to the output. Possible
                          values for this option are ON, OFF and AUTO. If ON is
                          used and GTIDs are not enabled on the server, an error is
                          generated. If OFF is used, this option does nothing. If
                          AUTO is used and GTIDs are enabled on the server, 'SET
                          @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED' is added to the output. If GTIDs
                          are disabled, AUTO does nothing. If no value is supplied
                          then the default (AUTO) value will be considered.
      --single-transaction
                          Creates a consistent snapshot by dumping all tables in a
                          single transaction. Works ONLY for tables stored in
                          storage engines which support multiversioning (currently
                          only InnoDB does); the dump is NOT guaranteed to be
                          consistent for other storage engines. While a
                          --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a
                          valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log
                          position), no other connection should use the following
                          statements: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE,
                          TRUNCATE TABLE, as consistent snapshot is not isolated
                          from them. Option automatically turns off --lock-tables.
      --dump-date         Put a dump date to the end of the output.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-dump-date to disable.)
      --skip-mysql-schema Skip adding DROP DATABASE for mysql schema.
      --skip-opt          Disable --opt. Disables --add-drop-table, --add-locks,
                          --create-options, --quick, --extended-insert,
                          --lock-tables, --set-charset, and --disable-keys.
      -S, --socket=name   The socket file to use for connection.
      --secure-auth       Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old
                          (pre-4.1.1) protocol. Deprecated. Always TRUE
      --ssl-mode=name     SSL connection mode.
      --ssl               Deprecated. Use --ssl-mode instead.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-ssl to disable.)
      --ssl-verify-server-cert
                          Deprecated. Use --ssl-mode=VERIFY_IDENTITY instead.
      --ssl-ca=name       CA file in PEM format.
      --ssl-capath=name   CA directory.
      --ssl-cert=name     X509 cert in PEM format.
      --ssl-cipher=name   SSL cipher to use.
      --ssl-key=name      X509 key in PEM format.
      --ssl-crl=name      Certificate revocation list.
      --ssl-crlpath=name  Certificate revocation list path.
      --tls-version=name  TLS version to use, permitted values are: TLSv1, TLSv1.1,
                          TLSv1.2
      --server-public-key-path=name
                          File path to the server public RSA key in PEM format.
      --get-server-public-key
                          Get server public key
      -T, --tab=name      Create tab-separated textfile for each table to given
                          path. (Create .sql and .txt files.) NOTE: This only works
                          if mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld
                          server.
      --tables            Overrides option --databases (-B).
      --triggers          Dump triggers for each dumped table.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-triggers to disable.)
      --tz-utc            SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' at top of dump to allow dumping of
                          TIMESTAMP data when a server has data in different time
                          zones or data is being moved between servers with
                          different time zones.
                          (Defaults to on; use --skip-tz-utc to disable.)
      -u, --user=name     User for login if not current user.
      -v, --verbose       Print info about the various stages.
      -V, --version       Output version information and exit.
      -w, --where=name    Dump only selected records. Quotes are mandatory.
      -X, --xml           Dump a database as well formed XML.
      --plugin-dir=name   Directory for client-side plugins.
      --default-auth=name Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
      --enable-cleartext-plugin
                          Enable/disable the clear text authentication plugin.
    
    Variables (--variable-name=value)
    and boolean options {FALSE|TRUE}  Value (after reading options)
    --------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
    all-databases                     FALSE
    all-tablespaces                   FALSE
    no-tablespaces                    FALSE
    add-drop-database                 FALSE
    add-drop-table                    TRUE
    add-drop-trigger                  FALSE
    add-locks                         TRUE
    allow-keywords                    FALSE
    apply-slave-statements            FALSE
    bind-address                      (No default value)
    character-sets-dir                (No default value)
    comments                          TRUE
    compatible                        (No default value)
    compact                           FALSE
    complete-insert                   FALSE
    compress                          FALSE
    create-options                    TRUE
    databases                         FALSE
    default-character-set             utf8
    delete-master-logs                FALSE
    disable-keys                      TRUE
    dump-slave                        0
    events                            FALSE
    extended-insert                   TRUE
    fields-terminated-by              (No default value)
    fields-enclosed-by                (No default value)
    fields-optionally-enclosed-by     (No default value)
    fields-escaped-by                 (No default value)
    flush-logs                        FALSE
    flush-privileges                  FALSE
    force                             FALSE
    hex-blob                          FALSE
    host                              (No default value)
    ignore-error                      (No default value)
    include-master-host-port          FALSE
    insert-ignore                     FALSE
    lines-terminated-by               (No default value)
    lock-all-tables                   FALSE
    lock-tables                       TRUE
    log-error                         (No default value)
    master-data                       0
    max-allowed-packet                25165824
    net-buffer-length                 1046528
    no-autocommit                     FALSE
    no-create-db                      FALSE
    no-create-info                    FALSE
    no-data                           FALSE
    order-by-primary                  FALSE
    port                              0
    quick                             TRUE
    quote-names                       TRUE
    replace                           FALSE
    routines                          FALSE
    set-charset                       TRUE
    single-transaction                FALSE
    dump-date                         TRUE
    skip-mysql-schema                 FALSE
    socket                            (No default value)
    secure-auth                       TRUE
    ssl                               TRUE
    ssl-verify-server-cert            FALSE
    ssl-ca                            (No default value)
    ssl-capath                        (No default value)
    ssl-cert                          (No default value)
    ssl-cipher                        (No default value)
    ssl-key                           (No default value)
    ssl-crl                           (No default value)
    ssl-crlpath                       (No default value)
    tls-version                       (No default value)
    server-public-key-path            (No default value)
    get-server-public-key             FALSE
    tab                               (No default value)
    triggers                          TRUE
    tz-utc                            TRUE
    user                              (No default value)
    verbose                           FALSE
    where                             (No default value)
    plugin-dir                        (No default value)
    default-auth                      (No default value)
    enable-cleartext-plugin           FALSE
    

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总结

本文介绍了使用mysqldump命令备份MySQL数据库的方法和步骤。mysqldump是MySQL的备份工具，可以备份整个MySQL数据库或者单个表。备份种类包括完全备份、增量备份、差异备份、压缩备份、远程备份、磁盘备份和文件备份。文章详细介绍了安装mysqldump、创建备份文件、执行备份命令、检查备份文件和恢复数据的步骤。备份完成后，可以查看备份文件的内容，并使用mysql命令恢复备份文件中的数据。文章最后总结了使用mysqldump备份和恢复MySQL数据库的基本教程。