第7章函数C++的编程模块

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-14 09:48:56 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-14 09:48:56 发布

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函数定义

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Date
{

};

void process()//void这是没有参数的函数
{

}

bool is_present(int * x, int y);
Date& calendar(const char * s);


//x的y次方    形参
int power(int x, int y)//这是一个函数
{
	int result = 1;
	for (int loop = 1;loop <= y;++loop)//(;;)
		result *= x;
	return result;

}

//绝对值
int abs(int x1)//这是一个函数定义
{
	return x1 >= 0 ? x1 : -x1;
}

//最大公约数
int gcd(int v1, int v2)//这是一个函数
{
	while (v2)
	{
		int temp = v2;
		v2 = v1 % v2;
		v1 = temp;
	}
	return v1;
}



int main()//这是一个函数
{
	//函数调用 使用小括号和括号里的参数
	cout << gcd(15, 123) << endl;//15，123为实参
	cout << abs(-99) << endl;
	cout << power(2,4) << endl;
	return 0;
}

非引用形参

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

void AddOne(int x)//非引用形参（即copy）中普通形参
{
	x = x + 1;//把copy加1
};

void AddTwo(int *pt)//非引用形参中 指针形参
{
	*pt = *pt + 2;
};

void AddThree(int& y)//引用形参
{
	y = y + 3;//真正的加3
};

int main()
{
	int a, b, c;
	a = 1;
	b = 2;
	c = 3;
	cout << "加之前：" << a << endl;
	//并没有真正的a传进去，传的是a的copy
	AddOne(a);
	cout << "加之后：" << a << endl;

	cout << "加之前：" << b << endl;
	//把b 的地址copy一个传进去
	AddTwo(&b);//&b 不是b
	cout<<"加之后："<<b<< endl;

	cout << "加之前：" << c << endl;
	//传的是真正的c 不是copy
	AddThree(c);
	cout << "加之后：" << c << endl;

	return 0;

}
```非引用参数中参数的注意事项

```cpp
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int add(int x, int y)
{
	return x + y;
}

int add_2(const int  a, const int  b)//不要少了int
{
	return a + b;//不用加const int  只读const int 参数
}

void addOne(const int x)
{
	//x = x + 1;//报错 因为是const int参数传进来就不能改了
}

int main()
{
	int a, b;//普通非	const 变量
	const int m = 8;//const 变量
	const int n = 4;
	a = 1;
	b = 2;
	/*int k = add(a, b);
	cout << k << endl;

	k = add(m, n);
	cout << k << endl;
	*/
	int k = add_2(a, b);//非const 参数可以传给const int 参数
    cout << k << endl;

	k = add_2(m, n);
	cout << k << endl;
	return 0;
}

带指针的非形参函数

#include<iostream>
//指针的初始化规则 --可以将指向const对象的指针指向非const对象  反之不可
using namespace std;

void AddOne(int* pt)
{
	*pt = *pt + 1;
}

void AddTwo(const int* pt)
{
	//*pt = *pt + 2; 
}

int add(const int *px, const int *py)//这里返回int 不是void
{
	return *px + *py;
}
//下面的例子说明 当参数类型不同时 函数名可以一样（函数重改）
void fcn(int i)//const int 和int 认为是一样的 不可一样的函数名
{
	cout << i << endl;
}

void fcn(double i)
{
	cout << i << endl;
}


int main()
{
	int a, b, c;
	a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

	const int a1 = 5;
	const int a2 = 6;
	const int a3 = 7;
	AddOne(&a);
	add(&a, &b);
	//AddOne(&a1);不能把const int * 传 非const int *
	AddTwo(&a);
	cout << "hello world" << endl; 
}

非引用形参参数传递

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int getBigger(int x,const int* y)
{
	return x > * y ? x : *y;
}

/*
void swap(int x, int y)//交换copy
{
	int temp;
	temp = x;
	x = y;
	y = temp;
}
*/

void swap(int* x, int* y)//指针形式 就是交换了
{
	int temp;
	temp = *x;
	*x = *y;
	*y = temp;

}
int main()
{
    int  a = 2,b = 9;
	cout << getBigger(a, &b) << endl;

	cout << "交换之前" << a <<","<< b << endl;
	//swap(a, b);
	swap(&a, &b);
	cout << "交换之后" <<a<<","<<b << endl;
	return 0;
}

引用形参

#include<iostream>

// 非引用形参 -复制形参
using namespace std;

void swap(int &v1, int &v2)
{
	int temp;
	temp = v2;
	v2 = v1;
	v1 = temp;
}

void AddOne(int x)
{
	x = x + 1;
}

void AddTwo(int& x)
{
	x = x + 2;

}

int main()
{
	int i = 10;
	int j = 20;
	cout << "Before swap():" << i << "," << j << endl;
	//把i,j复制(copy)传递进去
	swap(i, j);
	cout << "After swap():" << i << "," << j << endl;

	cout << "Before AddOne():" << i << endl;
	//把i复制(copy)传递进去 加的copy 对原来的i没有影响
	AddOne(i);
	cout << "After AddOne():" << i << endl;

	cout << "Before AddTwo():" << i << endl;
	//把i传递进去 对i加
	AddTwo(i);
	cout << "After AddTwo():" << i << endl;

	return 0;
}

引用形参

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;

int doOp(int x, int y,int &减法结果,int &乘法结果,int &除法结果)//int &减法结果
{
	int 加法结果;
		加法结果 = x + y;
		减法结果 = x - y;
		乘法结果 = x * y;
		除法结果 = x / y;


	return 加法结果;
}
//不需要复制 
//引用形参 不是为了修改实参
bool isshort(const string &s1, const string &s2)
{
	return s1.size() < s2.size();
}

string::size_type find_char(const string &s, char c)
{
	string::size_type i = 0;
	while (i !=s.size() && s[i] != c)
		++i;
	return i;
}
int main()
{

	int 结果 = find_char("hello world", 'o');//后面o不是字符"o"
	cout << "在位置" << 结果 << "找到o" << endl;
	int a = 10, b = 2;

	int 加法结果,减法结果,乘法结果,除法结果;
	加法结果=doOp(a, b,减法结果,乘法结果,除法结果);
	cout << 加法结果<<","<<减法结果 <<","<<乘法结果<<","<<除法结果<< endl;

	string s1("one");
	string s2("hello");
	// 把s1,s2 复制 传进去
	if (isshort(s1,s2))
		cout << "s1短";
	else
		cout << "s2短";

	return 0;
}

引用形参交换指针

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

//不是交换两个数
void ptrswap(int*&v1, int*& v2)
{
	int *tmp=v2;//只有int这里加*
	v2 = v1;
	v1 = tmp;
}

int main()
{
	int i = 10;
	int j = 20;
	int *pi = &i;//*pi前面加int 
	int* pj = &j;//交换前 ：*pj指向j
	cout << i << "," << j << endl;
	ptrswap(pi, pj);//交换两个指针 直接写pi,pj  不是&*pj
	cout << i << "," << j << endl;

	cout <<"交换前指针"<< *pi << "," << *pj << endl;
	ptrswap(pi, pj);
	cout << "交换后指针"<<*pi << "," << *pj << endl;
	return 0;
}

容器类型的vector 迭代器形参

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>

using namespace std;

//     非引用形参

//void print(vector<double> v)
//{
//	vector<double>::iterator begin = v.begin();
//	while (begin != v.end())
//	{
//		cout << *begin << endl;
//		begin++;
//	}//while循环的花括号不能少 少了就一直在循环
//		
//}




//    引用形参
//void print_2(vector<double>& v)
//{
//	vector<double>::iterator begin=v.begin();
//	while (begin != v.end())
//	{
//		cout << *begin << endl;
//		begin++;
//	}
//
//}

//vector 容器的迭代器（最常用的做法）
void print_3(vector<double>::const_iterator beg,
             vector<double>::const_iterator end)//注意(,)不加分号

	{
		//while(beg!=end)
		//cout << *beg++ << endl;//这里不加{}
	//或者下面这种
	while(beg != end)
	{
		cout << *beg++;
		if (beg != end)
			cout << " ";

	}
	cout << endl;
	}

double vectorSum(vector<double>::iterator begin,
	vector<double>::iterator end)
{//这里要加{}包含while
	double sum = 0.0;//放在while外面
	while (begin != end)
	{
		
		sum += *begin++;
	}
	return sum;
}
int main()
{
	vector<double> dvec;
	//dvec.push_back(1, 1);错了（1，1）

	/*dvec.push_back(1.1);
	dvec.push_back(2.2);
	dvec.push_back(3.3);*/

	cout << "Enter double type elements for vector:(Ctrl+Z to end)" << endl;
	double dval;
	while (cin >> dval)
		dvec.push_back(dval);

	//把dvec复制到形参v
	//不用复制
	//print_2(dvec);
	print_3(dvec.begin(), dvec.end());//这里是begin() 和end()
	cout << "你输入的数是" << endl;//一定要用ctrl +z结束输入
	//返回的也是迭代器
	cout << "向量中数据元素之和是" << vectorSum(dvec.begin(), dvec.end());
	return 0;

}

数组形参

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
//不修改则加const 否则不加const 
//          x指向数组的第一个元素

void printValues(const int* x,const size_t size)//最好的写法
{
	for (size_t i = 0;i != size;++i)
		cout << x[i] << " ";//" "使得输出结果横者排列
	cout << endl;

}


//           和   int *x 一样
//          传int类型数组
void printValues_2(const int x[],const size_t size)
//size_t size得加上 否则for循环里的size报错
{
	for (size_t i = 0;i != size;++i)
		cout << x[i] << " ";
	cout << endl;

	//             和int *x
	//               int x[]一样
}void printValues_3(const int x[10],const size_t size)
{
	for (size_t i = 0;i != size; ++i)//（;;）
		cout << x[i] << " ";
	cout << endl;
}

//引用的方式
void printValues_4(int(&x)[10])//只有一个参数 不要size
{
	for (size_t i = 0;i != 10;++i)//直接用[]中数字代入size位置
	{
		cout << x[i] << " ";
	
	}
	cout << endl;//写在循环外边
}

//  x是一个指针，指向很多行的数组的第一行；
//每一行是10个数，一共有rowSize行
void printValues_5(int(*x)[10], int rowSize)
{
	for (int i = 0;i != rowSize;++i)
	{
		for (int j = 0;j != 10;++j)
		{
			cout << x[i][j] << " ";
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}

//两个指针
void printValues_6(const int* beg, const int* end)
{
	while (beg != end)
	{
		cout << *beg++ << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}


//                传字符数组（C风格字符串），最后一个字符是null
//                   x是指针，指向第一个字符
void printChars(const char* x)
{
	while (*x != NULL)//while (*x）这两个写法一样
		cout << *x++;
	cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
	char s[] = "Hello C++";
	printChars(s);
	return 0;//提前结束改cpp程序
	
	int arr[] = { 2,4,6,8,0,1,3,5,7,9 };
	int arr1[] = { 2,4,6,8,0,1,3,5};
	printValues(arr, 10);

	printValues_2(arr, 10);

	printValues_3(arr, 10);

	printValues_4(arr);

	printValues_6(arr1, arr1+8);

	int m[][10] = {
		{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0},
		{2,4,6,8,0,1,3,5,7,9},
		{0,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1}
	};//;的加
	cout << "显示二维数组" << endl;
	printValues_5(m, 3);
	return 0;
}

递归

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

void doA()
{
	cout << "Hello" << endl;
	doA();//循环
}

void 老奶奶讲故事()
{
	cout << "从前有座山，山里有座庙，庙里有个老和尚，老和尚在给小和尚讲故事：" << endl;
	老奶奶讲故事();
}

//n!=n*(n-1)!;递归
long 阶乘(int n)
{
	if (n == 0)
		return 1;
	else
	    return n * 阶乘(n - 1);
}

//迭代 普通的循环 不是递归
long 阶乘2(int n)
{
	long 结果 = 1;
	for (int i = n;i > 0;i--)//i--不是--i i>0不是n>0
		结果 = 结果 * i;//不是乘以n-1
	return 结果;
}

int main()
{
	//doA();
	//老奶奶讲故事();

	//cout<<阶乘(4)<<endl;

	for (int num = 0;num < 10;++num)
	{
		cout << "递归："<<num << "！" << 阶乘(num) << endl;
		cout << "迭代："<<num << "！" << 阶乘2(num) << endl;
	}

	cout << 阶乘2(4) << endl;
	return 0;
}

函数原型和调用

//protos.cpp-using prototypes and function calls函数原型和函数调用
#include<iostream>

void cheers(int);//prototype :no return value
double cube(double x);//prototype:returns a double

void cheers(int n)
{
	using namespace std;
	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++)
		cout << "cheers!";
	cout << endl;
}

double cube(double x)
{
	return x * x * x;
}

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	cheers(5);//function call
	cout << "Give me a number";
	double side;
	cin >> side;
	double volume = cube(side);//function call
	cout << "A" << side << "-foot cube has a volume of";
	cout << volume << "cubic feet.\n";
	cheers(cube(2));//prototype protection at work
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

两个参数的函数

//twoarg.cpp--a function with 2 arguments
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

void n_chars(char, int);

int main()
{
	int times;
	char ch;

	cout << "Enter a character:";
	cin >> ch;
	while (ch != 'q')//q to quit
	{
		cout << "Enter an integer:";
		cin >> times;
		n_chars(ch, times);//function with two arguments
		cout << "\nEnter another character or press the "
			"q-key to quit:";
		cin >> ch;

	}
	cout << "The value of times is" << times << ".\n";
	cout << "Bye\n";
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
	 
}



void n_chars(char c, int n)//displays c n times
{
	while (n-- > 0)//continue until n reaches 0
		cout << c;
}

cmd不是内部文件报错处理
在这里插入图片描述

在这里插入图片描述
probability()函数

//lotto.cpp--probability of winning
#include<iostream>

//Note:some implementations require double instead of long double
long double probability(unsigned numbers, unsigned picks);
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	double total, choices;
	cout << "Enter the total number of choices on the game card and\n"
		"the number of picks allowed:\n";
	while ((cin >> total >> choices) && choices <= total)
	{
		cout << "You have one chance in";
		cout << probability(total, choices);//compute the odds
		cout << "of winning .\n";
		cout << "Next two numbers (q to quit):";
	}
	cout << "bye\n";
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

///the following function calculates the probability of picking picks
//numbers correctly from numbers choices
long double probability(unsigned numbers, unsigned picks)
{
	long double result = 1.0;//here come some local variables
	long double n;
	unsigned p;

	for (n = numbers, p = picks;p > 0;n--, p--)
		result = result * n / p;
	return result;
}

函数与数组

//arrfun1.cpp--functions with an array argument
#include<iostream>

const int ArSize = 8;
int sum_arr(int arr[], int n);//prototype
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int cookies[ArSize] = { 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 };
	//some systems require require preceding int with static to
	//enable array initialization

	int sum = sum_arr(cookies, ArSize);
	cout << "Total cookies eaten:" << sum << "\n";
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

//return the sum of an interger array
int sum_arr(int arr[], int n)
{
	int total = 0;

	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++)
		total = total + arr[i];
	return total;
}

将数组作为参数

//arrfun2.cpp--functions with an array argument
#include<iostream>

//using namespace std;
const int ArSize = 8;
int sum_arr(int arr[], int n);//无法解析？？
//use std::instead of using directive
int main()
{
	int cookies[ArSize] = { 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 };
	//some systems require preceding int with static to
	//enable array initialization 

	std::cout << cookies << "=array address,";
	//some systems require a type cast:unsigned (cookies)

	std::cout << sizeof cookies << "=sizeof cookies\n";
	int sum = sum_arr(cookies, ArSize);
	std::cout << "Total cookies eaten:" << sum << std::endl;
	sum = sum_arr(cookies, 3);//a lie
	std::cout << "First three eaters ate" << sum << "cookies.\n";
	sum = sum_arr(cookies+4, 4);//a lie
	std::cout << "Last four eaters ate" << sum << "cookies.\n";
	//cin.geta();
	return 0;
}

函数指针

//fun_prt.cpp -- pointers to functions
#include<iostream>
double besty(int);
double pam(int);

//second argument is pointer to a type double function that 
//takes a type int argument 
void estimate(int lines, double(*pf)(int));

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int code;

	cout << "How many lines of code do you need?";
	cin >> code;
	cout << "Here's Betsy's estimate :\n";
	estimate(code, besty);
	cout << "Here's Pam's estimate:\n";
	estimate(code, pam);
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

double besty(int lns)
{
	return 0.05 * lns;

}

double pam(int lns)
{
	return 0.03 * lns + 0.0004 * lns * lns;
}
void estimate(int lines, double(*pf)(int))
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << lines << "lines will take";
	cout << (*pf)(lines) << "hour(s)\n";
}

vs2019 右侧的解决方案资源管理器界面找回
调试–>最后一个调试属性——>选定内容没有属性内容就正常（要是出现很多选项，就选择常规）

函数指针示例

//fun_prt.cpp -- pointers to functions指向函数的指针
#include<iostream>
double besty(int);
double pam(int);

//second argument is pointer to a type double function that 
//takes a type int argument 
void estimate(int lines, double(*pf)(int));

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int code;

	cout << "How many lines of code do you need?";
	cin >> code;
	cout << "Here's Betsy's estimate :\n";
	estimate(code, besty);
	cout << "Here's Pam's estimate:\n";
	estimate(code, pam);
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

double besty(int lns)
{
	return 0.05 * lns;

}

double pam(int lns)
{
	return 0.03 * lns + 0.0004 * lns * lns;
}
void estimate(int lines, double(*pf)(int))
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << lines << "lines will take";
	cout << (*pf)(lines) << "hour(s)\n";
}

包含多个递归调用的递归

//ruler.cpp --using recursion to subdivide a ruler 递归划分
#include<iostream>
const int Len = 66;
const int Divs = 6;
void subdivide(char ar[], int low, int high, int level);
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char ruler[Len];
	int i;
	for (i = 1;i < Len - 2;i++)
		ruler[i] = ' ';
	ruler[Len - 1] = '\0';
	int max = Len - 2;
	int min = 0;
	ruler[min] = ruler[max] = '|';
	cout << ruler << endl;
	for (i = 1;i <= Divs;i++)
	{
		subdivide(ruler, min, max, i);
		cout << ruler << endl;
		for (int j = 1;j < Len - 2;j++)
			ruler[j] = ' ';//reset to blank ruler
	}
	return 0;
}

void subdivide(char ar[], int low, int high, int level)
{
	if (level == 0)
		return;
	int mid = (high + low) / 2;
	ar[mid] = '|';//不是"|"
	subdivide(ar, low, mid, level - 1);
	subdivide(ar, mid, high, level - 1);
}

包含一个递归调用的递归

//recur.cpp -- using recursion 使用递归
#include<iostream>
void countdown(int n);

int main()
{
	countdown(4);//call the recursive function 
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

void countdown(int n)
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << "Couting down..." << n << endl;
	if (n > 0)
		countdown(n - 1);//function calls itself
	cout << n << ":Kaboom!\n";
}

函数和array 对象

//arrobj.cpp--functions with array objects带有数组对象的函数
#include<iostream>
#include<array>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

const int Seasons = 4;
const std::array<std::string, Seasons>Snames =
{ "Spring","Summer ","Fall","Winter" };

void fill(std::array <double, Seasons>* pa);
void show(std::array <double, Seasons>da);

int main()
{
	array<double, 4>expenses;
	fill(&expenses);
	show(expenses);
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

void fill(std::array<double, Seasons>* pa)
{
	for (int i=0;i<Seasons;i++)
	{ 
		cout << "Enter " << Snames[i] << "expenses:";
		cin >> (*pa)[i];
	
	}

}

void show(array<double, Seasons>da)
{
	double total = 0.0;
	cout << "\nEXPENSES\n";
	for (int i = 0;i < Seasons;i++)
	{
		cout << Snames[i] << ":$" << da[i] << '\n';
		total += da[i];
	}
	cout << "Total:$" << total << '\n';
}

函数和string 对象

//topfive.cpp -- handling an array of string objects
#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace std;
const int SIZE = 5;
void display(const string sa[], int n);
int main()
{
	string list[SIZE];//an array holding 5 string object
	cout << "Enter your" << SIZE << "favorite astronnomical sights:\n";
	for (int i = 0;i < SIZE;i++)
	{
		cout << i + 1 << ":";
		getline(cin, list[i]);//使用string 对象getline
	}

	cout << "Your list:\n";
	display(list, SIZE);
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

void display(const string sa[], int n)
{
	for (int i = 0;i < n;i++)
		cout << i + 1 << ":" << sa[i] << endl;
}

传递结构地址

//strctptr.cpp--functions with pointer to structure arguments
#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>

//structure templates
struct polar
{
	double distance;//distance from origin
	double angle;//direction from origin
};
struct rect
{
	double x;//horizontal distance from origin 
	double y;//vertical distance from origin
};

//prototypes
void rect_to_polar(const rect* pxy, polar* pda);
void show_polar(const polar* pda);

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	rect rplace;
	polar pplace;

	cout << "Enter the x and y values:";
	while (cin >> rplace.x >> rplace.y)//rplace.y 句点是成员运算符 区别于->
	{
		rect_to_polar(&rplace, &pplace);//pass addresses
		show_polar(&pplace);//pass address
		cout << "Next two numbers(q to quit):";
	}
	cout << "Done.\n";
	return 0;
}

//show polar coordinates,converting angle to degrees
void show_polar(const polar* pda)
{
	using namespace std;
	const double Rad_to_deg = 57.29577951;

	cout << "distance =" << pda->distance;//->间接成员运算符
	cout << ",angle=" << pda->angle * Rad_to_deg;
	cout << "degrees\n";
}

//convert rectangular to polar coordinates
void rect_to_polar(const rect* pxy, polar* pda)
{
	using namespace std;
	pda->distance =
		sqrt(pxy->x * pxy->x + pxy->y * pxy->y);
	pda->angle = atan2(pxy->y, pxy->x);
}

传递和返回结构

//travel.cpp-- using structures with functions 
#include<iostream>
struct travel_time
{
	int hours;
	int mins;
};
const int Mins_per_hr = 60;

travel_time sum(travel_time t1, travel_time t2);
void show_time(travel_time t);

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	travel_time day1 = { 5,45 };//5hrs,45 min
	travel_time day2 = { 4,55 };//4hrs,55min

	travel_time trip = sum(day1, day2);
	cout << "Two-day total:";
	show_time(trip);

	travel_time day3 = { 4,32 };
	cout << "Three-day total:";
	show_time(sum(trip, day3));
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

travel_time sum(travel_time t1, travel_time t2)
{
	travel_time total;

	total.mins = (t1.mins + t2.mins) % Mins_per_hr;
	total.hours = t1.hours + t2.hours +
		(t1.mins + t2.mins) / Mins_per_hr;
	return total;
}

void show_time(travel_time t)
{
	using namespace std;
	cout << t.hours << "hours,"
		<< t.mins << "minutes\n";
}

返回C-风格字符串的函数

//strgback.cpp -- a function that returns a pointer to char
#include<iostream>
char* buildstr(char c, int n);//prototype
int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	int times;
	char ch;

	cout << "Enter a character:";
	cin >> ch;
	cout << "Enter an integer:";
	cin >> times;
	char* ps = buildstr(ch, times);
	cout << ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;//free memory
	ps = buildstr('+', 20);  //reuse pointer
	cout << ps << "-DONE-" << ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;   //free memory
	//cin.get();
	//cin.get();
	return 0;
}

//builds string made of n c characters
char* buildstr(char c, int n)
{
	char* pstr = new char[n + 1];
	pstr[n] = '\0';//terminate string
	while (n-- > 0)
		pstr[n] = c;//fill rest of string
	return pstr;
}

将C-风格字符串作为参数的函数

//strgfun.cpp  --functions with a string argument
#include<iostream>
unsigned int c_in_str(const char* str, char ch);

int main()
{
	using namespace std;
	char mmm[15] = "minimum";//string in an array
	//some systems require preceding char with static to
	//enable array inintialization 

	//char *wail = "ululate";//wail points to string 这样写报错了

	unsigned int ms = c_in_str(mmm, 'm');
//	unsigned int us = c_in_str(wail, 'u');
	cout << ms << "m characters in " << mmm << endl;
	//cout << us << "u characters in" << wail << endl;
	//cin.get();

	return 0;
}

//this function counts the number of ch characters
//in the string str
unsigned int c_in_str(const char * str, char ch)
{
	unsigned int count = 0;

	while (*str)//quit when *str is '\0'
	{
		if (*str == ch)
			count++;  
		str++;//move pointer to next char
	}
	return count;
}