彩色空间转换

本文档详细介绍了如何编程实现YUV与RGB彩色空间的互换,包括实验目的、原理、步骤、代码实现以及实验总结。通过公式推导、码电平分配和色度格式4:2:2的讲解,阐述了转换过程,并提供了实验代码示例。
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编程实现YUV与RGB空间的互换

1.基本要求(必做):编写RGB转化为YUV程序,重点掌握函数定义,部分查找表的初始化和调用,缓冲区分配。将得到的RGB文件转换为YUV文件,用YUV Viewer播放器观看,验证是否正确。
2.提高要求(可选):编写将YUV转换为RGB的程序。将给定的实验数据用该程序转换为RGB文件。并与原RGB文件进行比较,如果有误差,分析误差来自何处

一、实验目的

1、学会从计算和程序的角度分析问题
2、进一步理解彩色空间的概念并掌握不同彩色空间转换的基本方程
3、通过逐步设计程序,掌握编程细节:如查找表的设计,内存分配,对U和V信号进行下采样,文件读写过程等。掌握程序调试的基本方法。

二、实验原理

1.公式推导

(1)由电视原理可知,亮度和色差信号的构成如下:

  • Y=0.2990R+0.5870G+0.1140B
  • R-Y=0.7010R-0.5870G-0.1140B
  • B-Y=-0.2990R-0.5870G+0.8860B

(2)为了使色差信号的动态范围控制在0.5之间,需要进行归一化,对色差信号引入压缩系数。归一化后的色差信号为:

  • U=-0.1684R-0.3316G+0.5B
  • V=0.5R-0.4187G-0.0813B

(3)由RGB转YUV的公式可推出YUV转RGB的公式如下:

  • R = Y + 1.4075(V - 128)
  • G = Y - 0.3455(U - 128) - 0.7169(V - 128)
  • B = Y + 1.779(U - 128)

2.码电平分配及表达式

  • 亮度信号
    亮电平信号量化后码电平分配在对分量信号进行8比特均匀量化时,共分为256个等间隔的量化级。为了防止信号变动造成过载,在256级上端留20级,下端留16级作为信号超越动态范围的保护带。
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 色差信号
    色差信号量化后码电平分配色差信号经过归一化处理后,动态范围为-0.5-0.5,让色差零电平对应码电平128,色差信号总共占225个量化级。在256级上端留15级,下端留16级作为信号超越动态范围的保护带。在这里插入图片描述在这里插入图片描述

3.色度格式4:2:2

指色差信号U,V的取样频率为亮度信号取样频率的四分之一,在水平方向和垂直方向上的取样点数均为Y的一半

4.转换原理

在这里插入图片描述

三、实验步骤

  1. 根据实验原理,初步理解如何转换
  2. 由rgb2yuv的例子理解代码
  3. 根据yuv2rgb的转换思想,借鉴rgb2yuv代码的细节处理,书写代码
  4. 运行调试,发现错误,解决问题
  5. 总结分析转换后的文件与原文件的差别。如果有误差,分析误差来源

四、实验代码

1.RGB2YUV(例子)

在这里插入图片描述

  • rgb2yuv.h
int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();
  • rgb2yuv.cpp
/* This file contains RGB to YUV transformation functions.                */

#include "stdlib.h"
#include "rgb2yuv.h"

static float RGBYUV02990[256], RGBYUV05870[256], RGBYUV01140[256];
static float RGBYUV01684[256], RGBYUV03316[256];
static float RGBYUV04187[256], RGBYUV00813[256];


/************************************************************************
 *
 *  int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, YUV *yuv)
 *
 *	Purpose :	It takes a 24-bit RGB bitmap and convert it into
 *				YUV (4:2:0) format
 *
 *  Input :		x_dim	the x dimension of the bitmap
 *				y_dim	the y dimension of the bitmap
 *				bmp		pointer to the buffer of the bitmap
 *				yuv		pointer to the YUV structure
 *
 *  Output :	0		OK
 *				1		wrong dimension
 *				2		memory allocation error
 *
 *	Side Effect :
 *				None
 *
 *	Date :		09/28/2000
 *
 *  Contacts:
 *
 *  Adam Li
 *
 *  DivX Advance Research Center <darc@projectmayo.com>
 *
 ************************************************************************/

int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	unsigned char *r, *g, *b;
	unsigned char *y, *u, *v;
	unsigned char *pu1, *pu2, *pv1, *pv2, *psu, *psv;
	unsigned char *y_buffer, *u_buffer, *v_buffer;
	unsigned char *sub_u_buf, *sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}

	// check to see if x_dim and y_dim are divisible by 2
	if ((x_dim % 2) || (y_dim % 2)) return 1;
	size = x_dim * y_dim;

	// allocate memory
	y_buffer = (unsigned char *)y_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char *)u_out;
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char *)v_out;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	v_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	if (!(u_buffer && v_buffer))
	{
		if (u_buffer) free(u_buffer);
		if (v_buffer) free(v_buffer);
		return 2;
	}

	b = (unsigned char *)bmp;
	y = y_buffer;
	u = u_buffer;
	v = v_buffer;

	// convert RGB to YUV
	if (!flip) {
		for (j = 0; j < y_dim; j ++)
		{
			y = y_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			u = u_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			v = v_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;

			for (i = 0; i < x_dim; i ++) {
				g = b + 1;
				r = b + 2;
				*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
				*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
				*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
				b += 3;
				y ++;
				u ++;
				v ++;
			}
		}
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
			*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
			*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
			b += 3;
			y ++;
			u ++;
			v ++;
		}
	}

	// subsample UV
	for (j = 0; j < y_dim/2; j ++)
	{
		psu = sub_u_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		psv = sub_v_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		pu1 = u_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pu2 = u_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		pv1 = v_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pv2 = v_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		for (i = 0; i < x_dim/2; i ++)
		{
			*psu = (*pu1 + *(pu1+1) + *pu2 + *(pu2+1)) / 4;
			*psv = (*pv1 + *(pv1+1) + *pv2 + *(pv2+1)) / 4;
			psu ++;
			psv ++;
			pu1 += 2;
			pu2 += 2;
			pv1 += 2;
			pv2 += 2;
		}
	}

	free(u_buffer);
	free(v_buffer);

	return 0;
}


void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV02990[i] = (float)0.2990 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV05870[i] = (float)0.5870 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01140[i] = (float)0.1140 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01684[i] = (float)0.1684 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV03316[i] = (float)0.3316 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV04187[i] = (float)0.4187 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV00813[i] = (float)0.0813 * i;
}



  • main.cpp
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include "rgb2yuv.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8
#define u_int		unsigned __int32
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

/*
 * rgb2yuv
 * required arg1 should be the input RAW RGB24 file
 * required arg2 should be the output RAW YUV12 file
 */ 
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	/* internal variables */
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	/* begin process command line */
	/* point to the specified file names */
	rgbFileName = argv[1];
	yuvFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);
	
	/* open the RGB file */
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "rb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	/* open the RAW file */
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "wb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);

	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL)
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (fread(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile)) 
	{
		if(RGB2YUV(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
					}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight; i++)
		{
			if (yBuf[i] < 16) yBuf[i] = 16;
			if (yBuf[i] > 235) yBuf[i] = 235;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight/4; i++)
		{
			if (uBuf[i] < 16) uBuf[i] = 16;
			if (uBuf[i] > 240) uBuf[i] = 240;

			if (vBuf[i] < 16) vBuf[i] = 16;
			if (vBuf[i] > 240) vBuf[i] = 240;
		}

		fwrite(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile);
		fwrite(uBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);
		fwrite(vBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);

		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n", 
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);

	/* cleanup */

	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);

	return(0);
}


down.rgb
在这里插入图片描述

out.yuv
在这里插入图片描述

2.YUV2RGB

在这里插入图片描述

  • yuv2rgb.h
int YUV2RGB(int x_dim, int y_dim, void* bmp, void* y_out, void* u_out, void* v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();
  • yuv2rgb.cpp

/* This file contains RGB to YUV transformation functions.                */

#include "stdlib.h"
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

static float YUVRGB14075[256];
static float YUVRGB03455[256], YUVRGB07169[256];
static float YUVRGB1779[256];

int YUV2RGB(int width, int height, void* rgb_out, void* y_in, void* u_in, void* v_in, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	float r1, g1, b1;
	unsigned char* r, * g, * b;
	unsigned char* y, * u, * v;
	unsigned char* y_buffer, * u_buffer, * v_buffer, * rgb_buffer;
	unsigned char* sub_u_buf, * sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}

	// 检查width和height能否被2除尽
	if ((width % 2) || (height % 2)) return 1;
	size = width * height;

	// allocate memory分配内存
	y_buffer = (unsigned char*)y_in;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char*)u_in;
	v_buffer = (unsigned char*)v_in;
	rgb_buffer = (unsigned char*)rgb_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);

	for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
		{
			*(sub_u_buf + i * width + j) = *(u_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
			*(sub_v_buf + i * width + j) = *(v_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
		}
	}

	b = rgb_buffer;//RGB格式文件储存时顺序为倒序
	y = y_buffer;
	u = sub_u_buf;
	v = sub_v_buf;

	// convert YUV to RGB    
	for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			r1 = *y + YUVRGB14075[*v];
			g1 = *y - YUVRGB03455[*u] - YUVRGB07169[*v];
			b1 = *y + YUVRGB1779[*u];
			*r = (r1 > 0 ? (r1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)r1) : 0);
			*g = (g1 > 0 ? (g1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)g1) : 0);
			*b = (b1 > 0 ? (b1 > 255 ? 255 : (unsigned char)b1) : 0);
			b = b + 3;
			y++;
			u++;
			v++;
		}
	}
	if (sub_u_buf != NULL) free(sub_u_buf);
	if (sub_v_buf != NULL) free(sub_v_buf);



	return 0;
}


void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB14075[i] = (float)1.4075 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB03455[i] = (float)0.3455 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB07169[i] = (float)0.7169 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB1779[i] = (float)1.779 * (i - 128);

}
  • main.cpp
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>  
#include <malloc.h>
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8  //1个字节
#define u_int		unsigned __int32  //4个字节
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

//为了防止不同编译系统的int语法不同
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	//声明指针
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	//分配参数
	yuvFileName = argv[1];
	rgbFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);   //将字符型的256转换成整型
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);

	//打开yuv文件
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "rb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	//创建rgb文件
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "wb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	// 分配指定内存空间,获得帧输入缓冲区
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);  

	//分配内存空间,获得帧输出缓冲区。注意4:2:2格式
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	//判断buffer是否已满
	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL)
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	
	//若fread读入成功,则返回十几读取的数据量个数。若视频结束,fread读取失败则返回0,循环结束。
	while (fread(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile)
		&& fread(uBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile)
		&& fread(vBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile))
	{
				if (YUV2RGB(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
		}
		fwrite(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile);


		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n",
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);



	//关闭释放文件
	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);
	if (rgbBuf != NULL)free(rgbBuf);
	if (yBuf != NULL)free(yBuf);
	if (uBuf != NULL)free(uBuf);
	if (vBuf != NULL)free(vBuf);

	return(0);
}

在这里插入图片描述
down.yuv
在这里插入图片描述
out.rgb
在这里插入图片描述

五、实验总结

由以上四图分别比较,rgb原图与经过yuv转换后的rgb图片基本一致;yuv原图与经过rgb转换后的yuv图片基本一致
在这里插入图片描述

六、问题解决

在编程中我遇到如下问题,下列是解决办法,供同样遇到的同学参考:

  1. ‘fopen’: This function or variable may be unsafe
  • 解决:添加如下语句:#define_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
    (注意在代码第一行添加,我在后面添加不知道为啥运行发生了错误,调整位置就好了)
  1. rgb与yuv互换时,要注意调整如下命令参数:
  • rgb2yuv
    在这里插入图片描述
  • yuv2rgb
    在这里插入图片描述
  • 嵌入清单调节为否在这里插入图片描述
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