JVM_08 类加载与字节码技术(字节码指令)

 

字节码指令
可参考: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5

接着上一节，研究一下两组字节码指令，一个是 public cn.itcast.jvm.t5.HelloWorld(); 构造方法的字节码指令：

2a => aload_0 加载 slot 0 的局部变量，即 this，做为下面的invokespecial 构造方法调用的参数
b7 => invokespecial 预备调用构造方法，哪个方法呢？
00 01 引用常量池中 #1 项，即【Method java/lang/Object."":()V 】
b1 表示返回

另一个是 public static void main(java.lang.String[]); 主方法的字节码指令

b2 00 02 12 03 b6 00 04 b1

b2 => getstatic 用来加载静态变量，哪个静态变量呢？

00 02 引用常量池中 #2 项，即【Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;】

12 => ldc 加载参数，哪个参数呢？

03 引用常量池中 #3 项，即 【String hello world】

b6 => invokevirtual 预备调用成员方法，哪个方法呢？

00 04 引用常量池中 #4 项，即【Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V】

b1 表示返回

 

javap工具

自己分析类文件结构太麻烦了，Oracle 提供了 javap 工具来反编译 class 文件Oracle 提供了 javap 工具来反编译 class 文件：javap -v HelloWorld.java

Classfile /D:/Note/笔记/JDK源码学习/IDEA-workspace/jdk8/out/production/jdk8/com/haust/jvm/HelloWorld.class
  Last modified 2021-4-28; size 562 bytes
  MD5 checksum f25f5eebfd7ea514993445cea4f6b104
  Compiled from "HelloWorld.java"
public class com.haust.jvm.HelloWorld
  minor version: 0
  major version: 52
  flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
   #1 = Methodref          #6.#20         // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   #2 = Fieldref           #21.#22        // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   #3 = String             #23            // hello world!
   #4 = Methodref          #24.#25        // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
   #5 = Class              #26            // com/haust/jvm/HelloWorld
   #6 = Class              #27            // java/lang/Object
   #7 = Utf8               <init>
   #8 = Utf8               ()V
   #9 = Utf8               Code
  #10 = Utf8               LineNumberTable
  #11 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable
  #12 = Utf8               this
  #13 = Utf8               Lcom/haust/jvm/HelloWorld;
  #14 = Utf8               main
  #15 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #16 = Utf8               args
  #17 = Utf8               [Ljava/lang/String;
  #18 = Utf8               SourceFile
  #19 = Utf8               HelloWorld.java
  #20 = NameAndType        #7:#8          // "<init>":()V
  #21 = Class              #28            // java/lang/System
  #22 = NameAndType        #29:#30        // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #23 = Utf8               hello world!
  #24 = Class              #31            // java/io/PrintStream
  #25 = NameAndType        #32:#33        // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #26 = Utf8               com/haust/jvm/HelloWorld
  #27 = Utf8               java/lang/Object
  #28 = Utf8               java/lang/System
  #29 = Utf8               out
  #30 = Utf8               Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #31 = Utf8               java/io/PrintStream
  #32 = Utf8               println
  #33 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/String;)V
{
  public com.haust.jvm.HelloWorld();
    descriptor: ()V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC
    Code:
      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
         0: aload_0
         1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
         4: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 8: 0
      LocalVariableTable:                                  

图解方法执行流程

示例代码如下：

/**
 * @author hb
 * 演示：字节码指令，操作数栈，常量池的关系
 */
public class Demo3_1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    	// 数字比较小的变量，不存时常量池中，而是跟方法的字节码指令存在一起
        int a = 10;
        // Short.MAX_VALUE: 32767
        // Short.MAX_VALUE+1，当超过Short.MAX_VALUE最大值，则将该变量存储在常量池中
        int b = Short.MAX_VALUE + 1;
        int c = a + b;
        System.out.println(c);
    }
}

反编译后字节码如下：

  Last modified 2021-5-1; size 611 bytes
  MD5 checksum 5367d11bd9bc1af8bf3b0b037ad7c13f
  Compiled from "Demo3_1.java"
public class com.haust.jvm.Demo3_1
  minor version: 0
  major version: 52
  flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
   #1 = Methodref          #7.#25         // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
   #2 = Class              #26            // java/lang/Short
   #3 = Integer            32768
   #4 = Fieldref           #27.#28        // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
   #5 = Methodref          #29.#30        // java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
   #6 = Class              #31            // com/haust/jvm/Demo3_1
   #7 = Class              #32            // java/lang/Object
   #8 = Utf8               <init>
   #9 = Utf8               ()V
  #10 = Utf8               Code
  #11 = Utf8               LineNumberTable
  #12 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable
  #13 = Utf8               this
  #14 = Utf8               Lcom/haust/jvm/Demo3_1;
  #15 = Utf8               main
  #16 = Utf8               ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
  #17 = Utf8               args
  #18 = Utf8               [Ljava/lang/String;
  #19 = Utf8               a
  #20 = Utf8               I
  #21 = Utf8               b
  #22 = Utf8               c
  #23 = Utf8               SourceFile
  #24 = Utf8               Demo3_1.java
  #25 = NameAndType        #8:#9          // "<init>":()V
  #26 = Utf8               java/lang/Short
  #27 = Class              #33            // java/lang/System
  #28 = NameAndType        #34:#35        // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #29 = Class              #36            // java/io/PrintStream
  #30 = NameAndType        #37:#38        // println:(I)V
  #31 = Utf8               com/haust/jvm/Demo3_1
  #32 = Utf8               java/lang/Object
  #33 = Utf8               java/lang/System
  #34 = Utf8               out
  #35 = Utf8               Ljava/io/PrintStream;
  #36 = Utf8               java/io/PrintStream
  #37 = Utf8               println
  #38 = Utf8               (I)V
{
  public com.haust.jvm.Demo3_1();
    descriptor: ()V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC
    Code:
      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
         0: aload_0
         1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
         4: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 8: 0
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0       5     0  this   Lcom/haust/jvm/Demo3_1;

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
    descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
    flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
    Code:
      stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
         0: bipush        10
         2: istore_1
         3: ldc           #3                  // int 32768
         5: istore_2
         6: iload_1
         7: iload_2
         8: iadd
         9: istore_3
        10: getstatic     #4                  // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
        13: iload_3
        14: invokevirtual #5                  // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
        17: return
      LineNumberTable:
        line 10: 0
        line 11: 3
        line 12: 6
        line 13: 10
        line 14: 17
      LocalVariableTable:
        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature
            0      18     0  args   [Ljava/lang/String;
            3      15     1     a   I
            6      12     2     b   I
           10       8     3     c   I
}
SourceFile: "Demo3_1.java"

1.常量池载入运行时常量池

常量池也属于方法区，只不过这里单独提出来了：

 2.方法字节码载入方法区

 3.main 线程开始运行，分配栈帧内存
（stack=2，locals=4）

4.执行引擎开始执行字节码 

bipush 10

• 将一个 byte 压入操作数栈（其长度会补齐 4 个字节），类似的指令还有
• sipush 将一个 short 压入操作数栈（其长度会补齐 4 个字节）
• ldc 将一个 int 压入操作数栈
• ldc2_w 将一个 long 压入操作数栈（分两次压入，因为 long 是 8 个字节）
• 这里小的数字都是和字节码指令存在一起，超过 short 范围的数字存入了常量池

 istore_1

• 将操作数栈顶数据弹出，存入局部变量表的 slot 1

 ldc #3

• 从常量池加载 #3 数据到操作数栈
• 注意 Short.MAX_VALUE 是 32767，所以 32768 = Short.MAX_VALUE + 1 实际是在编译期间计算好的

istore_2 

 iload_1

 iload_2

 iadd

 istore_3

 getstatic #4

 

iload_3 

 invokevirtual #5

• 找到常量池 #5 项
• 定位到方法区 java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V 方法
• 生成新的栈帧（分配 locals、stack等）
• 传递参数，执行新栈帧中的字节码
• 执行完毕，弹出栈帧
• 清除 main 操作数栈内容 

 return

• 完成 main 方法调用，弹出 main 栈帧
• 程序结束

练习：分析a++ + ++a

案例代码如下：

/**
* 从字节码角度分析 a++ 相关题目
*/
public class Demo3_2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = a++ + ++a + a--;
        System.out.println(a);// 11
        System.out.println(b);// 34
    }
}

 为什么a=11,b==34呢？观察下面的代码。

public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
	descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
	flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
	Code:
		stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
            0: bipush 			10
            2: istore_1
            3: iload_1
            4: iinc 			1, 1
            7: iinc 			1, 1
            10: iload_1
            11: iadd
            12: iload_1
            13: iinc 			1, -1
            16: iadd
            17: istore_2
            21: iload_1
            22: invokevirtual 	#3 // Method 	java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
			25: getstatic 		#2 // Field 	java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
            28: iload_2
            29: invokevirtual 	#3 // Method 	java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
			32: return
		LineNumberTable:
            line 8: 0
            line 9: 3
            line 10: 18
            line 11: 25
            line 12: 32
        LocalVariableTable:
			Start Length Slot Name Signature
                0 	  33    0 args [Ljava/lang/String;
                3     30    1    a         I
               18     15    2    b 		   I        

分析：

• 注意 iinc 指令是直接在局部变量 slot 上进行运算。
• a++ 和 ++a 的区别是先执行 iload(读取a) 还是 先执行 iinc。a++是先iload再iinc，++a相反。

 bipush 10 操作是把a = 10 放入操作数栈：

istore_1 

下面执行a++ + ++a

•         a++

 iload_1

第一个iinc    

•         ++a 

  iinc    

 iload_1

 iadd

下面执行22+a--

iload_1 

 iinc

 iadd

 istore 

所以最后是a=11，b=34。