Centrifugal pump
The concept of centrifugal
Centrifugal inertia is the performance of an object, such as umbrellas on the water droplets, when the umbrella slowly rotating, the water droplets will follow the umbrella rotation, because the umbrella and the friction of water droplets to drop as the centripetal force of shiran. However, if the umbrella rotation speed, the friction enough to make water droplets in a circular motion, then drop the sport from the umbrella to the outer edge, like a rope pulling the stones to do with circular motion, if the speed is too fast, the rope will disconnect, stones will be flying out. This is the so-called centrifugal.
Centrifugal pump is designed according to this theory, high-speed rotation of the impeller blades rotate driven water, throw water, so as to achieve the purpose of transportation.
Good variety of centrifugal pumps, from the use can be divided into civil and industrial pumps; from the transmission medium can be divided into clear water pump, trash pump, corrosion pump and so on.
Basic structure centrifugal pump
Basic structure of the centrifugal pump is composed of six parts, namely: impeller, shaft, bearings, seal rings, stuffing box.
1 centrifugal impeller is a core component of its speed and high output force, the impeller blade has played a major role in the assembly before the impeller by static test. Impeller on the inside and outside surfaces required to be smooth to reduce flow friction loss.
2, pump, also known as the pump casing, which is the main water pump. Play a role in supporting fixed, and with the installation of the bearing bracket connected.
3, pump shaft and motor function is connected by coupling, the motor torque transmission impeller, it is the transfer of mechanical energy of the main components.
4, the bearing is set on the support shaft in the shaft component, there are two kinds of rolling bearings and plain bearings. Rolling to use butter as lubricant oil to be appropriate is 2 / 3 3 / 4 size too much may have a fever, there are too few sound and heat! Pump bearing structure is transparent to the oil used for lubricants, fuel to the oil level line. Too much oil to be leaking along the shaft and drift *, too little overheated bearings and also burn the accident! Bearing in the pump during operation the maximum temperature of 85 ℃ in the general run of 60 degrees, if we should find out the reasons high (whether impurities, oil is black, is water) and timely manner
5, sealing ring, also known as leakage reduction ring. Impeller and pump casing of imports over the gap between high-pressure areas cause the pump's water flow through the gap area of low pressure affecting the pump out water, reducing efficiency! Gap is too small will cause the impeller and pump casing friction and wear. In order to increase the return to reduce the internal leakage resistance and delay of the impeller and pump casing life of the pump impeller shell edge and foreign aid junction with sealing ring, sealing the gap remained at 0.25 ~ 1.10mm hydrometer.
6, stuffing mainly by the packing, seal ring, filler tube, packing gland, seal tubes. The main function of stuffing is to be closed between the pump casing and shaft gap, not to pump the water does not flow out to not let outside air into the pump. Always maintain the vacuum inside the pump! When the pump and fill the water seal friction depends on the heat pipe to live on the water to seal circle to fill the cooling! To maintain the normal operation of pumps. So check the pump to run during the tour of inspection of the stuffing is the special attention! About running 600 hours on the packing should be replaced.
The working principle of centrifugal pump
Impeller installed inside the pump casing 2 and fastened in the shaft 3, the shaft directly driven by the motor. Central has a liquid pump casing and suction pipe inhaling 4 5 connection. Liquid through the bottom valve 6 and the suction tube into the pump. Pump casing liquid discharge outlet on the discharge pipe 8 and 9 connections. Before starting the pump, the pump is transported shell filled with liquid; starts, starts, the impeller shaft driven by the high-speed rotation, the liquid between the blades must rotate with. Under the action of centrifugal force, the liquid was thrown from the center of the outer edge of the impeller and get energy from the impeller at high speed into the volute pump outer shell. In the spiral case, the fluid flow, gradually as the expansion slowed down in turn part of the kinetic energy into static pressure energy, the final discharge at higher pressure into the pipeline, sent to the need to place. The flow of liquid from the center of the outer edge of the impeller when the impeller center in the formation of a certain vacuum, due to the pressure tank above the liquid level is greater than the pressure at the entrance to the pump, the liquid will be pressed into the impeller in a row. Can be seen, as long as the constantly rotating impeller, the liquid will continue to be sucked and discharged.
The phenomenon of gas tie
When the pump casing to the existence of air, because air density is much smaller than the density of the liquid caused by a smaller centrifugal force. Thus, the tank liquid level above the entrance and the pressure difference between pump sufficient fluid pressure within the tank into the pump, that is not self-priming centrifugal pump, so pump can not transport liquid, such phenomenon is known as "gas tie phenomenon. " In order to pump full of liquid, usually installed in the suction pipe along the bottom of the bottom filter valve, the bottom valve until the valve, the filter is to prevent solid material into the pump impeller damage or impede the normal operation of the pump.
The main components of centrifugal pump
Main components are impeller, pump casing and shaft seal devices.
1 impeller
The role of the impeller is the original motivation of the mechanical energy directly to the liquid, to increase the liquid static pressure energy and kinetic energy to the major increase in static pressure.
Impeller are generally 6 to 12 after the curved blade.
Impeller are open, semiclosed-type and closed three, as shown in Figure 2-2. Both sides of the blade open impeller without cover, create a simple, easy to clean, suitable for transmission over a large number of suspensions containing materials, inefficient delivery of the liquid pressure is not high; semi-enclosed impeller in the suction side of the non-cover board, while the other side of cover, precipitation, or easily applicable to transport materials containing particles, and lower efficiency; closed impeller, the impeller blades on both sides of the front cover with high efficiency, suitable for delivery without impurities cleaning liquid. Multi-impeller centrifugal pumps in general for such.
Impeller with a single suction and double suction two suction fluid ways.
There is a single suction inlet, along with water from both sides for double suction.
2 pump shell
Role is to impeller enclosed in a certain space for the role by the impeller and the pressure of the fluid inhalation. Multi-spiral-shaped shell made of the pump, so called spiral. As the flow cross-sectional area gradually expanded to throw it around from the impeller speed liquid flow rate decreases, so that part of the kinetic energy is converted to static pressure can be effective. Together not only by the impeller pump casing throw the liquid, is also an energy conversion device.
3 seal device
Role is to prevent the pump shell along the axis of liquid leakage or air leakage into the pump outside the containment.
Common seal device has two kinds of packing seal and mechanical seal.
General packing coated with oil or graphite Baptist asbestos rope. Mainly by mechanical seal is mounted on the shaft of the ring and fixed on the pump casing static ring relative motion between the end face for the purpose to achieve the seal.
Centrifugal flow passage components
Centrifugal flow passage components are: inhalation chamber, impeller, a chamber pressure of three parts. Is the core of the pump impeller chamber, is also part of the core flow. Pump liquid through the impeller on the Power, to increase the energy. Impeller according to the direction of liquid flow is divided into three categories:
(1) run-of impeller (centrifugal impeller) and the liquid along the axis perpendicular to the direction of flow impeller.
(2) oblique flow impeller (mixed flow impeller) of liquid along the axis tilt of the direction of flow impeller.
(3) liquid axial flow impeller and the axis parallel to the direction.
Impeller by way of inhalation is divided into two categories:
(1) single-suction impeller (the impeller from the suction side of the liquid).
(2) double suction impeller (the impeller from both sides of inhalation liquid).
Divided into three categories according to the form of impeller cover:
(1) closed impeller.
(2) open impeller.
(3) semi-open impeller.
Closed impeller which is widely used, the aforementioned single-suction impeller double suction impeller belong to this form.
Type of centrifugal pump
Frist. and, according to the number of categories impeller
1, single-stage pump: that is, only one pump impeller.
2, multi-stage pump.: In shaft with two or more of the impeller, when the total pump head for the n-of impeller and the resulting head.
Second, according to classification of work stress
1, low-pressure pump: pressure less than 100 m water column;
2, medium pressure pumps: pressure is between 100 to 650 m water column;
3, high-pressure pump: the water column pressure is higher than 650 meters.
Third, by way of classification of the impeller inlet
1, side water pump: also known as single-suction pump, which the impeller is only one intake;
2, bilateral water pump: also known as double suction pump, which the impeller has an inlet on both sides. Its single suction pump flow ratio doubled in size, can be approximately regarded as two single-suction impeller placed together back to back.
Fourth, according to the form of pump casing combined with joint classification
1, horizontal split pumps: the line in the horizontal plane through the center of a combination of open seam.
2, the vertically integrated surface pumps: the combination of surface and perpendicular to the axis line.
Fifth, according to shaft position to Category
1, horizontal pump: pump in the horizontal position.
2, vertical pump: pump in the vertical position.
Sixth, according to the impeller out of the water pressure out of room to lead the way classification
1, volute pumps: water from the impeller out, directly into a spiral shape of the pump shell.
2, guide vane pump: water came out from the impeller into the diffuser set it outside, and then proceed to the next level or into the outlet tube.
Usually we say that a multi-stage pumps are pumps, impeller means in terms of how much. According to other structural features, which there may be horizontal pumps, vertical integration surface pumps, guide vane pumps, high pressure pump, water pump and so on one side. So according to different, it is called not the same. Also, according to use can also be classified as oil pump, water pump, condensate pump, ash pump, circulating water pumps, etc.
Classification of the characteristics of centrifugal type
By inhalation of a single suction pump means flow of liquid from the side of the impeller, there is the axial force
Double suction pump liquid into the impeller from both sides, there is no axial force, the flow rate is almost double than single-suction pumps
Series single-stage pump according to only one impeller shaft
Multi-stage pump with a pump to upload two or more impellers, the liquid flow through each impeller in turn, more series, the higher lift
Horizontal shaft by horizontal shaft orientation
Vertical shaft perpendicular to the horizontal plan
By housing type pump housing by sub-vertical plane with the shaft portion between the segments and segment connections with long bolts
Open-pump in the shell line in the plane through the center of Split
Spiral volute pump with pressurized water pump room, such as the common end-suction cantilever centrifugal pump
Turbine guide vane pump with pressurized water chamber of the pump
Special Structure
Pipeline pumps as part of pipeline, pipeline installation, no need to change
Submersible pumps and motors made of one immersed in water
Immersed in liquid pump liquid pumps
Shielding pump impeller and the motor rotor together as one and the same within a sealed shell without fully sealed, leak-free pumps are
In addition to magnetic pump inlet and outlet, the pump fully closed, the pump and motor coupling magnets can attract each other and driven by
Special Structure
Pipeline pumps as part of pipeline, pipeline installation, no need to change
Submersible pumps and motors made of one immersed in water
Immersed in liquid pump liquid pumps
Shielding pump impeller and the motor rotor together as one and the same within a sealed shell without fully sealed, leak-free pumps are
In addition to magnetic pump inlet and outlet, the pump fully closed, the pump and motor coupling magnets can attract each other and driven by
Self-priming pumps do not start filling liquid
High-speed pump from the tank to pump speed to increase the growth rate, the general speed up 10000r/min above can also be called part of the tangential flow pump or booster pump
Vertical Barrel Pump imports and exports over the same height in the upper part, there inside and outside the two-shell, internal shell from the rotor, stator, etc. component, shell body for the import diversion channel, the liquid from the lower part of inhalation
Many different types of centrifugal pump, a common classification of the following ways
1, by way of sub-suction impeller: single suction centrifugal double suction centrifugal pump;
2, the number of points by the impeller: a single-stage centrifugal multi-stage centrifugal pump;
3 points by impeller structure: semi-open impeller centrifugal pumps with open impeller centrifugal pump closed impeller centrifugal pump;
4 points by working pressure: low pressure centrifugal pump in high-pressure centrifugal pump;
5 points by shaft position: horizontal centrifugal side of vertical centrifugal pumps.
SG life to pumps, pump life, residential water pumps, life, water supply and drainage equipment, according to IS, IR-based performance parameters and vertical centrifugal pump's unique combination of design structure, and in strict accordance with ISO2858 requirements set wine production, with domestic water quality designed with the model, is the ideal next-generation horizontal pump. The product shall be used carbide mechanical seal. Applications: ISW-type pumps suitable for industrial and urban water supply and drainage, such as the pressurized water supply in high-rise buildings, garden irrigation, fire booster, long-distance transportation, HVAC refrigeration cycle, bathroom, and Equipment for Pressure, temperature does not exceed 85 ℃. ISWR pump widely used in: metallurgy, chemical, textile, paper, shops, restaurants and guest pressurized boiler heat the water, transport, and urban heating systems, SGWR type using the temperature does not exceed 120 ℃.
Pipeline pump installation key technologies: the suction pump used to install a high degree of
First, the key to install the technology of centrifugal pump
Installation of pipeline centrifugal pump installation key is to determine the height of the suction. The high water means the water pump impeller to the center line of the vertical distance, it allows a high degree of suction on the vacuum can not be mixed up, pump product specifications or nameplate allows a high degree of vacuum suction on the pump inlet section refers to the vacuum value, it is a standard atmospheric pressure, water temperature under 20 ℃, tested and determined to come by. It does not take into account the water flow after suction pipe supporting position. The pump mounting height should be allowed to smoke on a high vacuum suction pipe loss deduction after the head, the rest of that part of the value, it is highly absorbent to overcome the actual terrain. Pump installation height can not exceed the calculated value, otherwise, would be no water to pump. In addition, the effect size calculated is the resistance to water absorption pipe head loss, therefore, should use the shortest possible piping arrangements, and elbows and other fittings installed as little as possible, also be appropriately equipped with larger diameter water mains to reduce the internal velocity.
It should be noted that the pipeline centrifugal pump installation site elevation and the water temperature is different from the experimental conditions, such as local elevation of 300 meters or pumping the water temperature exceeds 20 ℃, the calculated values to be amended. That is, different elevation Department of atmospheric pressure and temperature higher than 20 ℃ when the saturated steam pressure. However, the water temperature is 20 ℃ below the saturated vapor pressure is negligible.
From the pipe installation technology, water absorbing pipes require strict sealing, can not leak, leakage, otherwise it will damage the intake pump vacuum to pump out the water less serious or even no water to. Therefore, to carefully work out the pipe interface, ensuring the construction quality of the connection pipe.
Second, pump installation height calculation Hg
Allows a high degree of vacuum suction on the pump Hs is the pressure p1 at the entrance to the maximum allowable vacuum.
The actual height to allow the vacuum suction on the Hs values are not calculated according to the value, but by the pump manufacturer experimental determination of the value that is attached to the pump samples for user reference. Bit should be noted that pump the sample values are given in Hs with water as the working medium, and the operating conditions of 20 ℃ and pressure of 1.013 × 105Pa when the value, when the operating conditions and the working medium is not the same time, the need for conversion.
1 transport water, but the operating conditions and experimental conditions, Ke Yi-type conversion under
Hs1 = Hs + Ha-10.33 - Hυ-0.24
2 transport other liquid when the liquid is transferred and the villain and the experimental conditions, conditions are not the same time, the need for two-step conversion: the first step according to the type will be detected sample pump Hs1; second step according to the following formula will be converted into H Hs1 s
2 cavitation margin Δh
For the pump, when the installation height calculation used to calculate the cavitation margin Δh, which pumps the liquid to allow the vacuum suction, which allows the installation of the pump height in meters. Used by the oil pump cavitation margin Δh check sample taken, its value is also measured with 20 ℃ water for. If the delivery of other fluids, should also be calibrated, detailed investigation of the books.
Suction = standard atmospheric pressure (10.33 m) - NPSH - safe level (0.5 m)
Standard atmospheric pressure to high vacuum pressure pipe 10.33 meters.
Pump works
Key Parts of centrifugal pump with suction chamber, the impeller and the pressurized water chamber. Suction chamber is located in front of the impeller inlet, impeller play the lead role of the liquid; pressurized water main spiral chamber pressurized water chamber (spiral type), guide vanes and guide vanes are three forms of space; pump impeller is the most important element of work is the heart of flow parts, impeller blades from the cover and intermediate composition.
Pump before work, first pump filled with liquid, and then start the pump, impeller rotation speed, rotating impeller blades driven liquid, liquid to the impeller rotational inertia when rely on flow to the outer edge, while the impeller from the suction chamber inhalation liquid, this process, the liquid flow around the impeller blades, in the liquid flow around the role of sport in a lift on the blade, and this in turn leaves a lift equal and opposite force on the liquid, the force acting on the fluid, so that the fluid flow of energy and impeller, then the kinetic energy and pressure energy of liquid will increase.
Rotating impeller centrifugal pump relies on the role of fluid mechanical energy of the original motivation delivered to the liquid. As the role of centrifugal flow of liquid from the impeller import export process, its speed can be increased and pressure to have been discharged from the impeller through the pressure of the liquid rooms, most of the speed can be converted to pressure energy, and transportation along the discharge pipe out, this time, the impeller discharges the liquid inlet formed by vacuum or low pressure, suction pool of liquid in the surface pressure (atmospheric pressure) under the action of being pressed into the impeller of imports, thus, rotating with the impeller on the continuous to suction and discharge liquid.
离心泵
离心的概念
离心其实是物体惯性的表现，比如雨伞上的水滴，当雨伞缓慢转动时，水滴会跟随雨伞转动，这是因为雨伞与水滴的摩擦力做为给水滴的向心力使然。但是如果雨伞转动加快，这个摩擦力不足以使水滴在做圆周运动，那么水滴将脱离雨伞向外缘运动，就象用一根绳子拉着石块做圆周运动，如果速度太快，绳子将会断开，石块将会飞出.这个就是所谓的离心。
离心泵就是根据这个原理设计的，高速旋转的叶轮叶片带动水转动，将水甩出,从而达到输送的目的。
离心泵有好多种，从使用上可以分为民用与工业用泵；从输送介质上可以分为清水泵、杂质泵、耐腐蚀泵等。
离心泵基本构造
离心泵的基本构造是由六部分组成的，分别是：叶轮，泵体，泵轴，轴承，密封环，填料函。
1、 叶轮是离心泵的核心部分，它转速高输出力大，叶轮上的叶片又起到主要作用，叶轮在装配前要通过静平衡实验。叶轮上的内外表面要求光滑，以减少水流的摩擦损失。
2、 泵体也称泵壳，它是水泵的主体。起到支撑固定作用，并与安装轴承的托架相连接。
3、 泵轴的作用是借联轴器和电动机相连接，将电动机的转距传给叶轮，所以它是传递机械能的主要部件。
4、 轴承是套在泵轴上支撑泵轴的构件，有滚动轴承和滑动轴承两种。滚动轴承使用牛油作为润滑剂加油要适当一般为2/3～3/4的体积太多会发热，太少又有响声并发热！滑动轴承使用的是透明油作润滑剂的,加油到油位线。太多油要沿泵轴渗出并且漂*，太少轴承又要过热烧坏造成事故！在水泵运行过程中轴承的温度最高在85℃一般运行在60度左右，如果高了就要查找原因（是否有杂质，油质是否发黑，是否进水）并及时处理！
5、 密封环又称减漏环。叶轮进口与泵壳间的间隙过大会造成泵内高压区的水经此间隙流向低压区，影响泵的出水量，效率降低！间隙过小会造成叶轮与泵壳摩擦产生磨损。为了增加回流阻力减少内漏，延缓叶轮和泵壳的所使用寿命，在泵壳内缘和叶轮外援结合处装有密封环，密封的间隙保持在0.25～1.10mm之间为宜。
6、 填料函主要由填料，水封环，填料筒，填料压盖，水封管组成。填料函的作用主要是为了封闭泵壳与泵轴之间的空隙，不让泵内的水流不流到外面来也不让外面的空气进入到泵内。始终保持水泵内的真空！当泵轴与填料摩擦产生热量就要靠水封管住水到水封圈内使填料冷却！保持水泵的正常运行。所以在水泵的运行巡回检查过程中对填料函的检查是特别要注意！在运行600个小时左右就要对填料进行更换。
离心泵的工作原理
叶轮安装在泵壳2内，并紧固在泵轴3上，泵轴由电机直接带动。泵壳中央有一液体吸入4与吸入管5连接。液体经底阀6和吸入管进入泵内。泵壳上的液体排出口8与排出管9连接。在离心泵启动前，泵壳内灌满被输送的液体；启动后，启动后，叶轮由轴带动高速转动，叶片间的液体也必须随着转动。在离心力的作用下，液体从叶轮中心被抛向外缘并获得能量，以高速离开叶轮外缘进入蜗形泵壳。在蜗壳中，液体由于流道的逐渐扩大而减速，又将部分动能转变为静压能，最后以较高的压力流入排出管道，送至需要场所。液体由叶轮中心流向外缘时，在叶轮中心形成了一定的真空，由于贮槽液面上方的压力大于泵入口处的压力，液体便被连续压入叶轮中。可见，只要叶轮不断地转动，液体便会不断地被吸入和排出。
当泵壳内存有空气，因空气的密度比液体的密度小得多而产生较小的离心力。从而，贮槽液面上方与泵吸入口处之压力差不足以将贮槽内液体压入泵内，即离心泵无自吸能力，使离心泵不能输送液体，此种现象称为“气缚现象”。为了使泵内充满液体，通常在吸入管底部安装一带滤网的底阀，该底阀为止逆阀，滤网的作用是防止固体物质进入泵内损坏叶轮或妨碍泵的正常操作。
离心泵的主要部件
主要部件有叶轮、泵壳和轴封装置。
叶轮的作用是将原动机的机械能直接传给液体，以增加液体的静压能和动能主要增加静压能。
叶轮一般有6~12片后弯叶片。
叶轮有开式、半闭式和闭式三种，如图2－2所示。开式叶轮在叶片两侧无盖板，制造简单、清洗方便，适用于输送含有较大量悬浮物的物料，效率较低，输送的液体压力不高；半闭式叶轮在吸入口一侧无盖板，而在另一侧有盖板，适用于输送易沉淀或含有颗粒的物料，效率也较低；闭式叶轮在叶轮在叶片两侧有前后盖板，效率高，适用于输送不含杂质的清洁液体。一般的离心泵叶轮多为此类。
叶轮有单吸和双吸两种吸液方式。
有一个进水口的是单吸，可以从两面一起进水的为双吸。
2 泵壳
作用是将叶轮封闭在一定的空间，以便由叶轮的作用吸入和压出液体。泵壳多做成蜗壳形，故又称蜗壳。由于流道截面积逐渐扩大，故从叶轮四周甩出的高速液体逐渐降低流速，使部分动能有效地转换为静压能。泵壳不仅汇集由叶轮甩出的液体，同时又是一个能量转换装置。
3 轴封装置
作用是防止泵壳内液体沿轴漏出或外界空气漏入泵壳内。
常用轴封装置有填料密封和机械密封两种。
填料一般用浸油或涂有石墨的石棉绳。机械密封主要的是靠装在轴上的动环与固定在泵壳上的静环之间端面作相对运动而达到密封的目的。
离心泵的过流部件
离心泵的过流部件有：吸入室，叶轮，压出室三个部分。叶轮室是泵的核心，也是流部件的核心。泵通过叶轮对液体的作功，使其能量增加。叶轮按液体流出的方向分为三类：
（1）径流式叶轮（离心式叶轮）液体是沿着与轴线垂直的方向流出叶轮。
（2）斜流式叶轮（混流式叶轮）液体是沿着轴线倾斜的方向流出叶轮。
（3）轴流式叶轮液体流动的方向与轴线平行的。
叶轮按吸入的方式分为二类：
（1）单吸叶轮（即叶轮从一侧吸入液体）。
（2）双吸叶轮（即叶轮从两侧吸入液体）。
叶轮按盖板形式分为三类：
（1）封闭式叶轮。
（2）敞开式叶轮。
（3）半开式叶轮。
其中封闭式叶轮应用很广泛，前述的单吸叶轮双吸叶轮均属于这种形式。
离心泵的种类
一、按工作叶轮数目来分类
1、单级泵：即在泵轴上只有一个叶轮。
2、多级泵.：即在泵轴上有两个或两个以上的叶轮，这时泵的总扬程为n个叶轮产生的扬程之和。
二、按工作压力来分类
1、低压泵：压力低于100米水柱；
2、中压泵：压力在100~650米水柱之间；
3、高压泵：压力高于650米水柱。
三、按叶轮进水方式来分类
1、单侧进水式泵：又叫单吸泵，即叶轮上只有一个进水口；
2、双侧进水式泵：又叫双吸泵，即叶轮两侧都有一个进水口。它的流量比单吸式泵大一倍，可以近似看作是二个单吸泵叶轮背靠背地放在了一起。
四、按泵壳结合缝形式来分类
1、水平中开式泵：即在通过轴心线的水平面上开有结合缝。
2、垂直结合面泵：即结合面与轴心线相垂直。
五、按泵轴位置来分类
1、卧式泵：泵轴位于水平位置。
2、立式泵：泵轴位于垂直位置。
六、按叶轮出来的水引向压出室的方式分类
1、蜗壳泵：水从叶轮出来后，直接进入具有螺旋线形状的泵壳。
2、导叶泵：水从叶轮出来后，进入它外面设置的导叶，之后进入下一级或流入出口管。
平时我们说某台水泵属于多级泵，是指叶轮多少来讲的。根据其它结构特征，它又有可能是卧式泵、垂直结合面泵、导叶式泵、高压泵、单面进水式泵等。所以依据不同，叫法就不一样。另外，根据用途也可进行分类，如油泵、水泵、凝结水泵、排灰泵、循环水泵等
分类方式类 型离心泵的特点
按吸入方式单吸泵液体从一侧流入叶轮，存在轴向力
双吸泵液体从两侧流入叶轮，不存在轴向力，泵的流量几乎比单吸泵增加一倍
按级数单级泵泵轴上只有一个叶轮
多级泵同一根泵轴上装两个或多个叶轮，液体依次流过每级叶轮，级数越多，扬程越高
按泵轴方位卧式泵轴水平放置
立式泵轴垂直于水平面
按壳体型式分段式泵壳体按与轴垂直的平面部分，节段与节段之间用长螺栓连接
中开式泵壳体在通过轴心线的平面上剖分
蜗壳泵装有螺旋形压水室的离心泵，如常用的端吸式悬臂离心泵
透平式泵装有导叶式压水室的离心泵
特殊结构
管道泵泵作为管路一部分，安装时无需改变管路
潜水泵泵和电动机制成一体浸入水中
液下泵泵体浸入液体中
屏蔽泵叶轮与电动机转子联为一体，并在同一个密封壳体内，不需采用密封结构，属于无泄漏泵
磁力泵除进、出口外，泵体全封闭，泵与电动机的联结采用磁钢互吸而驱动
自吸式泵泵启动时无需灌液
高速泵由增速箱使泵轴转速增加，一般转速可达10000r/min以上，也可称部分流泵或切线增压泵
立式筒型泵进出口接管在上部同一高度上，有内、外两层壳体，内壳体由转子、导叶等组成，外壳体为进口导流通道，液体从下部吸入
离心泵的种类很多，分类方法常见的有以下几种方式
南方泵
1、 按叶轮吸入方式分：单吸式离心泵双吸式离心泵；
2、 按叶轮数目分：单级离心泵多级离心泵；
3、 按叶轮结构分：敞开式叶轮离心泵半开式叶轮离心泵封闭式叶轮离心泵；
4、 按工作压力分：低压离心泵中压离心泵高压离心泵；
5、 按泵轴位置分：卧式离心泵边立式离心泵。
ISG生活给水泵,生活用泵，小区水泵，生活给排水设备，根据 IS、IR型离心泵性能参数和立式泵的独特结构组合设计，并严格按照 ISO2858 要求进行设酒制造，采用国内优质水力模型进行设计而成,是最理想的新一代卧式泵产品。该产品一律采用硬质合金机械密封。 应用范围： ISW 型泵适用于工业和城市给排水，如高层建筑增压送水,园林喷灌，消防增压,远距离输送，暖通制冷循环、浴室等增压及设备配套,使用温度不超过85℃。ISWR 型泵广泛适用于：冶金、化工、纺织、造纸、以及宾饭馆店等锅炉热源水增压、输送、及城市采暖系统,SGWR型使用温度不超过120℃。
管道离心泵的安装关键技术：离心泵安装高度即吸程选用
一、离心泵的关键安装技术
管道离心泵的安装技术关键在于确定离心泵安装高度即吸程。这个高度是指水源水面到离心泵叶轮中心线的垂直距离，它与允许吸上真空高度不能混为一谈，水泵产品说明书或铭牌上标示的允许吸上真空高度是指水泵进水口断面上的真空值，而且是在1标准大气压下、水温20℃情况下，进行试验而测定得的。它并没有考虑吸水管道配套以后的水流状况。而水泵安装高度应该是允许吸上真空高度扣除了吸水管道损失扬程以后，所剩下的那部分数值，它要克服实际地形吸水高度。水泵安装高度不能超过计算值，否则，离心泵将会抽不上水来。另外，影响计算值的大小是吸水管道的阻力损失扬程，因此，宜采用最短的管路布置，并尽量少装弯头等配件，也可考虑适当配大一些口径的水管，以减管内流速。
应当指出，管道离心泵安装地点的高程和水温不同于试验条件时，如当地海拔300米以上或被抽水的水温超过20℃，则计算值要进行修正。即不同海拔高程处的大气压力和高于20℃水温时的饱和蒸汽压力。但是，水温为20℃以下时，饱和蒸汽压力可忽略不计。
从管道安装技术上，吸水管道要求有严格的密封性，不能漏气、漏水，否则将会破坏离心泵进水口处的真空度，使离心泵出水量减少，严重时甚至抽不上水来。因此，要认真地做好管道的接口工作，保证管道连接的施工质量。
二、离心泵的安装高度Hg计算
允许吸上真空高度Hs是指泵入口处压力p1可允许达到的最大真空度。
而实际的允许吸上真空高度Hs值并不是根据式计算的值，而是由泵制造厂家实验测定的值，此值附于泵样本中供用户查用。位应注意的是泵样本中给出的Hs值是用清水为工作介质，操作条件为20℃及及压力为1.013×105Pa时的值，当操作条件及工作介质不同时，需进行换算。
1 输送清水，但操作条件与实验条件不同，可依下式换算
Hs1＝Hs＋Ha－10.33 － Hυ－0.24
2 输送其它液体当被输送液体及反派人物条件均与实验条件不同时，需进行两步换算：第一步依上式将由泵样本中查出的Hs1；第二步依下式将Hs1换算成H΄s
2 汽蚀余量Δh
对于油泵，计算安装高度时用汽蚀余量Δh来计算，即泵允许吸液体的真空度，亦即泵允许的安装高度，单位用米。用汽蚀余量Δh由油泵样本中查取，其值也用20℃清水测定。若输送其它液体，亦需进行校正，详查有关书籍。
吸程=标准大气压（10.33米）-汽蚀余量-安全量（0.5米）
标准大气压能压管路真空高度10.33米。
离心泵工作原理
离心泵的主要过流部件有吸水室、叶轮和压水室。吸水室位于叶轮的进水口前面，起到把液体引向叶轮的作用；压水室主要有螺旋形压水室(蜗壳式)、导叶和空间导叶三种形式；叶轮是泵的最重要的工作元件，是过流部件的心脏，叶轮由盖板和中间的叶片组成。
离心泵工作前，先将泵内充满液体，然后启动离心泵，叶轮快速转动，叶轮的叶片驱使液体转动，液体转动时依靠惯性向叶轮外缘流去，同时叶轮从吸入室吸进液体，在这一过程中，叶轮中的液体绕流叶片，在绕流运动中液体作用一升力于叶片，反过来叶片以一个与此升力大小相等、方向相反的力作用于液体，这个力对液体做功，使液体得到能量而流出叶轮，这时液体的动能与压能均增大。
离心泵依靠旋转叶轮对液体的作用把原动机的机械能传递给液体。由于离心泵的作用液体从叶轮进口流向出口的过程中，其速度能和压力能都得到增加，被叶轮排出的液体经过压出室，大部分速度能转换成压力能，然后沿排出管路输送出去，这时，叶轮进口处因液体的排出而形成真空或低压，吸水池中的液体在液面压力（大气压）的作用下，被压入叶轮的进口，于是，旋转着的叶轮就连续不断地吸入和排出液体。
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