关系型数据库介绍-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_52544877/article/details/119877400

1. 关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL

**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
  - OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
  - 项目官方提供的
- deb

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
上次元数据过期检查：0:09:08 前，执行于 2021年08月23日 星期一 20时57分49秒。
依赖关系解决。
===============================================================================================================
 软件包                          架构        版本                                         仓库            大小
===============================================================================================================
安装:
 mariadb                         x86_64      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d      AppStream      6.0 M
 mariadb-server                  x86_64      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d      AppStream       16 M
安装依赖关系:
 mariadb-common                  x86_64      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d      AppStream       64 k
 mariadb-connector-c             x86_64      3.1.11-2.el8_3                               AppStream      200 k
 mariadb-connector-c-config      noarch      3.1.11-2.el8_3                               AppStream       15 k
 mariadb-errmsg                  x86_64      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d      AppStream      234 k
 perl-Carp                       noarch      1.42-396.el8                                 base            30 k
 perl-DBD-MySQL                  x86_64      4.046-3.module_el8.1.0+203+e45423dc          AppStream      156 k
......

2.2 mariadb配置

#启动mysql并设置开机自动启动
systemctl enable --now mariadb
systemctl status mariadb

[root@localhost etc]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

[root@localhost etc]# systemctl status mariadb
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-08-23 21:09:47 CST; 2min 7s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
 Main PID: 62683 (mysqld)
   Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
    Tasks: 30 (limit: 23790)
   Memory: 85.4M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
           └─62683 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr


#确保3306端口已经监听起来
ss -antl
[root@localhost etc]# ss -antl
State         Recv-Q        Send-Q                 Local Address:Port                 Peer Address:Port        
LISTEN        0             128                          0.0.0.0:22                        0.0.0.0:*           
LISTEN        0             80                                 *:3306                            *:*           
LISTEN        0             128                             [::]:22                           [::]:*           

#在日志文件中找出临时密码
grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log

#使用获取到的临时密码登录mysql
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:     //此处输入密码   默认无密码
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> exit         //看到有这样的标识符则表示成功登录了
Bye





//修改mysql登录密码
MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [mysql]> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)
//用新密码登陆测试
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 11
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>

3. mysql的程序组成

客户端
- mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump：mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
服务器端
- mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
    

[root@localhost etc]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.3.28-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1



[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 13
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 

//注意，不推荐直接在命令行里直接用-pPASSWORD的方式登录，而是使用-p选项，然后交互式输入密码
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1
Enter password:    //输入密码
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 15
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 

不进入数据库查看表
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
Enter password:   //输入密码
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+

3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型	说明
ip socket	默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信
unix sock	监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock）仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1

4. mysql数据库操作

4.1 DDL操作

4.1.1 数据库操作

//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库zxc
MariaDB [(none)]> create database  zxc;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)



//查看当前实例有哪些数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| zxc                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)



//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库zxc
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database  zxc;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)

4.1.2 表操作

//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库zxc里创建表asd
MariaDB [(none)]> create database zxc;     //创建数据库zxc
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> 
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| zxc                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [(none)]> use zxc;   //使用数据库zxc
Database changed
MariaDB [zxc]> create table asd(id int(7) ,name varchar(5) not null );    //创建表asd
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.003 sec)

MariaDB [zxc]>   
MariaDB [zxc]> show tables;    //查看有哪些表
+---------------+
| Tables_in_zxc |
+---------------+
| asd           |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)


//查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqingge |
+----------------------+
| wangqing             |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表asd
MariaDB [zxc]> drop table asd;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [zxc]> show tables;
Empty set (0.000 sec)

4.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：

IP地址，如：172.16.12.129
通配符
- %：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
- _：匹配任意单个字符

//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户chenshunli
MariaDB [(none)]>  create user 'chenshunli'@'%'  identified by "123"  ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)


//使用新创建的用户和密码登录
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uchenshunli  -p123 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 22
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 

//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host'; 
[root@localhost etc]# mysql -uroot -p123   //退出用户后，切换root用户在进行删除操作
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 23
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> drop user 'chenshunli'@'%'  ;  
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

4.1.4 查看命令SHOW

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW CHARACTER SET;      //查看支持的所有字符集

+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |

......
......



        
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW ENGINES \G   //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
*************************** 1. row ***************************
      Engine: MEMORY
     Support: YES
     Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 2. row ***************************
      Engine: MRG_MyISAM
     Support: YES
     Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 3. row ***************************
      Engine: CSV
     Support: YES
     Comment: Stores tables as CSV files
Transactions: NO
          XA: NO
  Savepoints: NO
*************************** 4. row ***************************


 
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;     //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| zxc                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)





MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW TABLES FROM  zxc;      //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
+---------------+
| Tables_in_zxc |
+---------------+
| asd           |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)


//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
MariaDB [(none)]> desc zxc.asd ;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(7)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(5) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.001 sec)






//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
MariaDB [(none)]> show create table zxc.asd;
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                         |
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| asd   | CREATE TABLE `asd` (
  `id` int(7) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(5) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)





//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G

MariaDB [(none)]> use zxc ;     //进入数据库zxc
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [zxc]> 

MariaDB [zxc]> show table status like 'asd'   \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
            Name: asd
          Engine: InnoDB
         Version: 10
      Row_format: Dynamic
            Rows: 0
  Avg_row_length: 0
     Data_length: 16384
 Max_data_length: 0
    Index_length: 0
       Data_free: 0
  Auto_increment: NULL
     Create_time: 2021-08-23 21:47:47
     Update_time: NULL
      Check_time: NULL
       Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
        Checksum: NULL
  Create_options: 
         Comment: 
Max_index_length: 0
       Temporary: N
1 row in set (0.000 sec)

4.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE;       //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]
    [IGNORE | REPLACE]
    [AS] query_expression
 ......
 ......

4.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE;       //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    [(create_definition,...)]
    [table_options]
    [partition_options]
    [IGNORE | REPLACE]
    [AS] query_expression
 ......
 ......

4.2 DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。

4.2.1 INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...

MariaDB [(none)]> use zxc ;

Database changed

MariaDB [zxc]>  insert into asd(id,name)  value(1,'csl') ;       //一次插入一条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]>  insert into asd(id,name)  values(1,'csl') ,(2,'xk') ,(3,'cac')  ;    //一次插入多条记录
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.001 sec)  
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

4.2.2 SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

MariaDB [(none)]> use zxc ;

Database changed
MariaDB [zxc]> select * from asd ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | csl  |
|    1 | csl  |
|    2 | xk   |
|    3 | cac  |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]> select name from asd;
+------+
| name |
+------+
| csl  |
| csl  |
| xk   |
| cac  |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [zxc]> select  name  from asd   where  id=2 ;
+------+
| name |
+------+
| xk   |
+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]>  select * from asd  where name='xk' and id=2 ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | xk   |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.000 sec)



MariaDB [zxc]>  select * from asd order by name ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    3 | cac  |
|    1 | csl  |
|    1 | csl  |
|    2 | xk   |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]>  select * from asd order by name desc ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    2 | xk   |
|    1 | csl  |
|    1 | csl  |
|    3 | cac  |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]>  select * from asd order by name limit 2 ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    3 | cac  |
|    1 | csl  |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)


MariaDB [zxc]>  select * from asd order by id limit 1,2 ;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | csl  |
|    2 | xk   |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)