mysql基础篇学习记录

约束

-- 约束
create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment comment '主键',
    name varchar(10) not null unique comment '姓名',
    age int check ( age > 0 and age <= 120 ) comment '年龄',
    status char(1) default '1' comment '状态',
    gender char(1) comment '性别'
) comment '用户表';

-- 添加数据
insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom1', 19, '1', '男'), ('tom2', 19, '1', '男');
insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom3', 19, '1', '男');

insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values (null, 19, '1', '男');
insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom3', 19, '1', '男');

insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom4', 19, '1', '男');

insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom5', -1, '1', '男');
insert into user(name, age, status, gender) values ('tom6', 120, '1', '男');

insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom7', 120,  '男');

insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom8', 120,  '男');

insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom9', 120,  '男');
insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom11', 120,  '男');
insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom12', 120,  '男');
insert into user(name, age, gender) values ('tom13', 120,  '男');



-- 外键约束
create table dept(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '部门名称'
)comment '部门表';
INSERT INTO dept (id, name) VALUES (1, '研发部'), (2, '市场部'),(3, '财务部'), (4,
'销售部'), (5, '总经办');

create table emp(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '姓名',
age int comment '年龄',
job varchar(20) comment '职位',
salary int comment '薪资',
entrydate date comment '入职时间',
managerid int comment '直属领导ID',
dept_id int comment '部门ID'
)comment '员工表';
INSERT INTO emp (id, name, age, job,salary, entrydate, managerid, dept_id)
VALUES
(1, '金庸', 66, '总裁',20000, '2000-01-01', null,5),(2, '张无忌', 20,
'项目经理',12500, '2005-12-05', 1,1),
(3, '杨逍', 33, '开发', 8400,'2000-11-03', 2,1),(4, '韦一笑', 48, '开
发',11000, '2002-02-05', 2,1),
(5, '常遇春', 43, '开发',10500, '2004-09-07', 3,1),(6, '小昭', 19, '程
序员鼓励师',6600, '2004-10-12', 2,1);


-- 添加外键
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references dept(id);

-- 删除外键
alter table emp drop foreign key fk_emp_dept_id;


-- 删除/更新行为
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references dept(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ;

alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references dept(id) on delete set null on update set null ;

多表关系

-- 多表查询
-- 创建dept表，并插入数据
create table dept(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '部门名称'
)comment '部门表';
INSERT INTO dept (id, name) VALUES (1, '研发部'), (2, '市场部'),(3, '财务部'), (4,
'销售部'), (5, '总经办'), (6, '人事部');

-- 创建emp表，并插入数据
create table emp(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '姓名',
age int comment '年龄',
job varchar(20) comment '职位',
salary int comment '薪资',
entrydate date comment '入职时间',
managerid int comment '直属领导ID',
dept_id int comment '部门ID'
)comment '员工表';

-- 添加外键
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references
dept(id);
INSERT INTO emp (id, name, age, job,salary, entrydate, managerid, dept_id)
VALUES
(1, '金庸', 66, '总裁',20000, '2000-01-01', null,5),
(2, '张无忌', 20, '项目经理',12500, '2005-12-05', 1,1),
(3, '杨逍', 33, '开发', 8400,'2000-11-03', 2,1),
(4, '韦一笑', 48, '开发',11000, '2002-02-05', 2,1),
(5, '常遇春', 43, '开发',10500, '2004-09-07', 3,1),
(6, '小昭', 19, '程序员鼓励师',6600, '2004-10-12', 2,1),
(7, '灭绝', 60, '财务总监',8500, '2002-09-12', 1,3),
(8, '周芷若', 19, '会计',48000, '2006-06-02', 7,3),
(9, '丁敏君', 23, '出纳',5250, '2009-05-13', 7,3),
(10, '赵敏', 20, '市场部总监',12500, '2004-10-12', 1,2),
(11, '鹿杖客', 56, '职员',3750, '2006-10-03', 10,2),
(12, '鹤笔翁', 19, '职员',3750, '2007-05-09', 10,2),
(13, '方东白', 19, '职员',5500, '2009-02-12', 10,2),
(14, '张三丰', 88, '销售总监',14000, '2004-10-12', 1,4),
(15, '俞莲舟', 38, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4),
(16, '宋远桥', 40, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4),
(17, '陈友谅', 42, null,2000, '2011-10-12', 1,null);

多表查询

-- 连接查询
-- 存在笛卡尔积
select * from emp, dept where emp.dept_id = dept.id ;


-- 内连接
-- 1. 查询每一个员工的姓名 , 及关联的部门的名称 (隐式内连接实现)
select e.name, d.name from emp e, dept d where e.dept_id = d.id;


-- 2. 查询每一个员工的姓名 , 及关联的部门的名称 (显式内连接实现)
select e.name, d.name from emp e inner join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;

select e.name, d.name from emp e  join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;


-- 外连接
-- 1. 查询emp表的所有数据, 和对应的部门信息
select e.*, d.* from emp e left outer join  dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;

select e.*, d.* from emp e left  join  dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;

-- 2.查询dept表的所有数据, 和对应的员工信息(右外连接)
select e.*, d.* from emp e right outer join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;

select e.*, d.* from dept d left outer join emp e on e.dept_id = d.id;


-- 自连接
-- 1.查询员工 及其 所属领导的名字
select a.name, b.name '领导' from emp a, emp b where a.managerid = b.id;


-- 2. 查询所有员工 emp 及其领导的名字 emp , 如果员工没有领导, 也需要查询出来
select a.name, b.name from emp a left outer join emp b on a.managerid = b.id;

-- 联合查询
-- 将薪资低于 5000 的员工 , 和 年龄大于 50 岁的员工全部查询出来
select * from emp where salary < 5000
union
select * from emp where age > 50;


-- 子查询
-- 标量子查询
-- 1. 查询 "销售部" 的所有员工信息
-- a.查询销售部的部门id
select id from dept where name = '销售部';
-- b. 查询 "销售部" 的所有员工信息
select * from emp where dept_id = (select id from dept where name = '销售部');

-- 2. 查询在 "方东白" 入职之后的员工信息
-- a.查询"方东白"的入职日期
select entrydate from emp where name = '方东白';
-- b.查询在"方东白"入职日期之后入职的员工信息
select * from emp where entrydate > (select entrydate from emp where name = '方东白');

-- 列子查询
-- 1. 查询 "销售部" 和 "市场部" 的所有员工信息
-- a.查询"销售部" 和 "市场部"的部门id
select id from dept where name in ('销售部', '市场部');
-- b.查询"销售部" 和 "市场部" 的所有员工信息
select * from emp where dept_id in (select id from dept where name in ('销售部', '市场部'));

-- 2. 查询比 财务部 所有人工资都高的员工信息
-- a.查询财务部所有人的工资
select id from dept where name = '财务部';
select salary from emp where dept_id = (select id from dept where name = '财务部');
-- b.查询比 财务部 所有人工资都高的员工信息
select * from emp where salary > all (select salary from emp where dept_id = (select id from dept where name = '财务部'));


-- 3.查询比研发部其中任意一人工资高的员工信息
-- a.查询研发部所有人的工资
select salary from emp where dept_id = (select id from dept where name = '研发部');
-- b.查询比研发部其中任意一人工资高的员工信息
select * from emp where salary > any (select salary from emp where dept_id = (select id from dept where name = '研发部'));


-- 行子查询
-- 1.查询与 "张无忌" 的薪资及直属领导相同的员工信息
-- a.查询与"张无忌" 的薪资和直属领导
select salary, managerid from emp where name = '张无忌';
-- b.查询与 "张无忌" 的薪资及直属领导相同的员工信息
select * from emp where (salary, managerid) = (select salary, managerid from emp where name = '张无忌');

-- 表子查询
-- 1. 查询与 "鹿杖客" , "宋远桥" 的职位和薪资相同的员工信息
-- a.查询"鹿杖客" , "宋远桥" 的职位和薪资
select job, salary from emp where name in ('鹿杖客', '宋远桥');
-- b. 查询与 "鹿杖客" , "宋远桥" 的职位和薪资相同的员工信息
select * from emp where (job, salary) in (select job, salary from emp where name in ('鹿杖客', '宋远桥'));

-- 2. 查询入职日期是 "2006-01-01" 之后的员工信息 , 及其部门信息
-- a.查询入职日期是"2006-01-01" 之后员工信息，
select * from emp where entrydate > '2006-01-01';
-- b.查询这部分员工对应的部门信息
select e.*, d.* from (select * from emp where entrydate > '2006-01-01') e left join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id;

多表查询练习

-- 多表查询案例

 create table salgrade(
grade int,
losal int,
hisal int
) comment '薪资等级表';
insert into salgrade values (1,0,3000);
insert into salgrade values (2,3001,5000);
insert into salgrade values (3,5001,8000);
insert into salgrade values (4,8001,10000);
insert into salgrade values (5,10001,15000);
insert into salgrade values (6,15001,20000);
insert into salgrade values (7,20001,25000);
insert into salgrade values (8,25001,30000);

-- 1). 查询员工的姓名、年龄、职位、部门信息 （隐式内连接）
select e.name, e.age, e.job, d.* from emp e, dept d where e.dept_id = d.id;

-- 2). 查询年龄小于30岁的员工的姓名、年龄、职位、部门信息（显式内连接）
select e.name, e.age, e.job, d.* from emp e join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id where e.age < 30;

-- 3). 查询拥有员工的部门ID、部门名称
select distinct d.id, d.name from emp e, dept d where e.dept_id = d.id;

-- 4). 查询所有年龄大于40岁的员工, 及其归属的部门名称; 如果员工没有分配部门, 也需要展示出来
select e.*, d.name from emp e left join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id where age > 40;

-- 5). 查询所有员工的工资等级
select e.name, s.grade from emp e, salgrade s where e.salary between s.losal and s.hisal;

-- 6). 查询 "研发部" 所有员工的信息及 工资等级
select e.*, s.grade from emp e, dept d, salgrade s where e.dept_id = d.id and (e.salary between s.losal and s.hisal) and d.name = '研发部';

-- 7). 查询 "研发部" 员工的平均工资
select avg(e.salary) from emp e, dept d where e.dept_id = d.id  and d.name = '研发部';

-- 8). 查询工资比 "灭绝" 高的员工信息。
-- a.查询 "灭绝"的工资
select salary from emp where name = '灭绝';
-- b.查询工资比 "灭绝" 高的员工信息。
select * from emp where salary > (select salary from emp where name = '灭绝');

-- 9). 查询比平均薪资高的员工信息
-- a. 查询员工的平均薪资
select avg(salary) from emp;
-- b. 查询比平均薪资高的员工信息
select * from emp where salary > (select avg(salary) from emp);

-- 10). 查询低于本部门平均工资的员工信息
-- a. 查询指定部门的平均薪资
select avg(e1.salary) from emp e1 where e1.dept_id = 1;
-- b. 查询低于本部门平均工资的员工信息
select *,  (select avg(e1.salary) from emp e1 where e1.dept_id = e2.dept_id) '平均' from emp e2 where salary < (select avg(e1.salary) from emp e1 where e1.dept_id = e2.dept_id);

-- 11). 查询所有的部门信息, 并统计部门的员工人数
select d.*, (select count(*) from emp e where e.dept_id = d.id) '人数' from dept d;

select count(*) from emp where dept_id = 1;

-- 12). 查询所有学生的选课情况, 展示出学生名称, 学号, 课程名称
select s.name, s.no, c.name from student s, student_course sc, course c where s.id = sc.studentid and c.id = sc.courseid;

事务

-- 事务
-- 准备数据
drop table if exists account;
create table account(
id int primary key AUTO_INCREMENT comment 'ID',
name varchar(10) comment '姓名',
money double(10,2) comment '余额'
) comment '账户表';
insert into account(name, money) VALUES ('张三',2000), ('李四',2000);

update account set money = 2000;

-- 方式1
select @@autocommit;


set @@autocommit = 1;



-- 转账操作（张三转给李四1000块）
-- 1.查询张三账户余额
select * from account where name = '张三';

-- 2.张三账户余额-1000
update account set money = money - 1000 where name = '张三';

出错了...
-- 3.李四账户余额+1000
update account set money = money + 1000 where name = '李四';

-- 提交事务
commit ;

-- 回滚事务
rollback ;

-- 方式2
-- 手动的通过begin开启事务


-- 开启事务
start transaction ;
-- 转账操作（张三转给李四1000块）
-- 1.查询张三账户余额
select * from account where name = '张三';

-- 2.张三账户余额-1000
update account set money = money - 1000 where name = '张三';

出错了...
-- 3.李四账户余额+1000
update account set money = money + 1000 where name = '李四';

-- 执行出错，回滚事务
rollback ;

隔离级别

-- 查看事务隔离级别
select @@transaction_isolation;


-- 设置事务隔离级别
set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted ;