java枚举类与注解
一、枚举类
枚举类的理解:类的对象只有有限个,确定的。我们称此类为枚举类。
举例如下:
星期: Monday(星期一)、…、Sunday(星期天)
性别: Man(男)、Woman(女)
当需要定义一组常量时,强烈建议使用枚举类。
如果枚举类中只有一个对象,则可以作为单例模式的实现方式。
如何定义枚举类
方式一:jdk5.0之前,自定义枚举类。
//自定义枚举类
class Season{
//1.声明Season对象的属性:private final修饰
private final String seasonName;
private final String seasonDesc;
//2.私有化类的构造器,并给对象属性赋值
private Season(String seasonName,String seasonDesc){
this.seasonName = seasonName;
this.seasonDesc = seasonDesc;
}
//3.提供当前枚举类的多个对象 public static final
public static final Season SPRING = new Season("春天","春暖花开");
public static final Season SUMMER = new Season("夏天","烈日炎炎");
public static final Season AUTUMN = new Season("秋天","秋高气爽");
public static final Season WINTER = new Season("冬天","冰天雪地");
// 4. 其他诉求
public String getSeasonName() {
return seasonName;
}
public String getSeasonDesc() {
return seasonDesc;
}
// 5. toString
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Season{" +
"seasonName='" + seasonName + '\'' +
", seasonDesc='" + seasonDesc + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
public class SeasonTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Season autumn = Season.AUTUMN;
System.out.println(autumn);//Season{seasonName='秋天', seasonDesc='秋高气爽'}
}
}
方式二:jdk5.0,可以使用enum关键字定义枚举类。
//enum关键字
enum Season{
//1.首先提供当前枚举类的多个对象,对象之间用”,“隔开,末尾对象”;“结束
SPRING("春天","春暖花开"),
SUMMER("夏天","烈日炎炎"),
AUTUMN("秋天","秋高气爽"),
WINTER("冬天","冰天雪地");
//2.声明Season对象的属性:private final修饰
private final String seasonName;
private final String seasonDesc;
//3.私有化类的构造器,并给对象属性赋值
private Season(String seasonName,String seasonDesc){
this.seasonName = seasonName;
this.seasonDesc = seasonDesc;
}
// 4. 其他诉求
public String getSeasonName() {
return seasonName;
}
public String getSeasonDesc() {
return seasonDesc;
}
}
public class SeasonTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Season autumn = Season.AUTUMN;
System.out.println(autumn);//AUTUMN
System.out.println(autumn.getClass().getSuperclass());//class java.lang.Enum
}
}
Enum类 的主要方法
values()方法:返回枚举类型的对象数组。该方法可以很方便地遍历所有的枚举值。
value0f(string str):可以把一个字符串转为对应的枚举类对象。要求字符串必须是枚举类对委
toString(): 返回当前枚举类对象常量的名称。
public class SeasonTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//values()
Season[] values = Season.values();
for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
System.out.println(values[i]);
}
//valueOf()
Season summer = Season.valueOf("SUMMER");
System.out.println(summer);//SUMMER
}
}
枚举类实现接口的情况
interface info{
void show();
}
- 实现接口,在enum类中实现抽象方法
enum Season implements info{
//1.首先提供当前枚举类的多个对象,对象之间用”,“隔开,末尾对象”;“结束
SPRING("春天","春暖花开"),
SUMMER("夏天","烈日炎炎"),
AUTUMN("秋天","秋高气爽"),
WINTER("冬天","冰天雪地");
//2.声明Season对象的属性:private final修饰
private final String seasonName;
private final String seasonDesc;
//3.私有化类的构造器,并给对象属性赋值
private Season(String seasonName,String seasonDesc){
this.seasonName = seasonName;
this.seasonDesc = seasonDesc;
}
// 4. 其他诉求
public String getSeasonName() {
return seasonName;
}
public String getSeasonDesc() {
return seasonDesc;
}
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("这是一个季节");
}
}
- 让枚举类的对象分别实现接口中的抽象方法。
enum Season implements info{
//1.首先提供当前枚举类的多个对象,对象之间用”,“隔开,末尾对象”;“结束
SPRING("春天","春暖花开"){
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("这是春天");
}
},
SUMMER("夏天","烈日炎炎"){
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("这是夏天");
}
},
AUTUMN("秋天","秋高气爽"){
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("这是秋天");
}
},
WINTER("冬天","冰天雪地"){
@Override
public void show() {
System.out.println("这是冬天");
}
};
//2.声明Season对象的属性:private final修饰
private final String seasonName;
private final String seasonDesc;
//3.私有化类的构造器,并给对象属性赋值
private Season(String seasonName,String seasonDesc){
this.seasonName = seasonName;
this.seasonDesc = seasonDesc;
}
// 4. 其他诉求
public String getSeasonName() {
return seasonName;
}
public String getSeasonDesc() {
return seasonDesc;
}
}
public class SeasonTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Season spring = Season.SPRING;
spring.show();//这是春天
Season autumn = Season.AUTUMN;
autumn.show();//这是秋天
}
}
二、注解
Annotation其实解释代码里的特殊标记。可用于修饰包、类、构造器、方法、成员变量、参数、局部变量的声明。
框架 = 注解+反射+设计模式
自定义注解(参照SuppressWarnings定义)
- 注解声明为:@interface
- 内部定义成员:通常使用value表示
- 可以指定成员的默认值,使用default定义
- 如果注解有成员,在使用注解时,需要指明成员的值。
元注解:对现有的注解进行解释说明的注解
JDK5.0提供了4个标准的meta-annotation类型,分别是:
>Retention
>Target
>Documented
>lnherited
@Retention
只能用于修饰一个Annotation定义,用于指定该Annotation的生命周期.
@Rentention包含一个 RetentionPolicy类型的成员变量,使用@Rentention时必须为该value成员变量指定值:
RetentionPolicy.SOURCE:在源文件中有效(即源文件保留),编译器直接丢弃这种策略的注释
RetentionPolicy.CLASS:在class文件中有效(即class保留),当运行Java程序时, JVM不会保留注解。这是默认值
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME:在运行时有效(即运行时保留),当运行Java程序时, JVM会保留注释。程序可以通过反射获取该注释。
public enum RetentionPolicy {
/**
* Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
*/
SOURCE,
/**
* Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
* but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default
* behavior.
*/
CLASS,
/**
* Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
* retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
*
* @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
*/
RUNTIME
}
@Target
用于修饰Annotation定义,用于指定被修饰的Annotation能用于修饰哪些程序元素。@Target也包含一个名为value的成员变量。
public enum ElementType {
/** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */
TYPE,
/** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */
FIELD,
/** Method declaration */
METHOD,
/** Formal parameter declaration */
PARAMETER,
/** Constructor declaration */
CONSTRUCTOR,
/** Local variable declaration */
LOCAL_VARIABLE,
/** Annotation type declaration */
ANNOTATION_TYPE,
/** Package declaration */
PACKAGE,
/**
* Type parameter declaration
*
* @since 1.8
*/
TYPE_PARAMETER,
/**
* Use of a type
*
* @since 1.8
*/
TYPE_USE
}
@Documented
用于指定被该元Annotation修饰的Annotation类将被javadoc工具提取成文档。默认情况下,javadoc是不包括注解的是
定义为Documented的注解必须设置Retention值为RUNTIME。
@lInherited
被它修饰的Annotation将具有继承性。如果某个类使用了被@Inherited修饰的Annotation,则其子类将自动具有该注解I