机器学习-数据科学库（HM）-自由式学习 3-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_53785726/article/details/128429283

绘制散点图

数据来源: http://lishi.tianqi.com/beijing/index.html

假设通过爬虫你获取到了北京2016年3,10月份每天白天的最高气温(分别位于列表a,b),那么此时如何寻找出气温和随时间(天)变化的某种规律?

a = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]

b = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]

技术要点：plt.scatter(x,y)

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

my_font=font_manager.FontProperties(fname="C:/Windows/Fonts/simhei.ttf")

y_3= [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]
y_10= [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]

x_3=range(1,32)
x_10=range(51,82)

#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)

plt.scatter(x_3,y_3,label="三月份")
plt.scatter(x_10,y_10,label="十月份")

#调整x轴的刻度
_x=list(x_3)+list(x_10)
_xtick_labels=["3月{}日".format(i) for i in x_3]
_xtick_labels+=["10月{}日".format(i-50) for i in x_10]
plt.xticks(_x[::3],_xtick_labels[::3],fontproperties=my_font,rotation=45)

#添加图例
plt.legend(loc="upper left",prop=my_font)

#添加描述信息
plt.xlabel("时间",fontproperties=my_font)
plt.ylabel("温度",fontproperties=my_font)
plt.title("图例",fontproperties=my_font)

#展示结果
plt.show()

散点图更多的应用场景

不同条件(维度)之间的内在关联关系
观察数据的离散聚合程度

绘制条形图

数据来源: http://58921.com/alltime/2017

假设你获取到了2017年内地电影票房前20的电影(列表a)和电影票房数据(列表b),那么如何更加直观的展示该数据?

a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5：最后的骑士","摔跤吧！爸爸","加勒比海盗5：死无对证","金刚：骷髅岛","极限特工：终极回归","生化危机6：终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3：殊死一战","蜘蛛侠：英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]

b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23] 单位:亿

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

my_font=font_manager.FontProperties(fname="C:/Windows/Fonts/simhei.ttf")

a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5\n：最后的骑士","摔跤吧！爸爸","加勒比海盗5\n：死无对证","金刚：骷髅岛","极限特工\n：终极回归","生化危机6\n：终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3：\n殊死一战","蜘蛛侠：\n英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]

b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23] 

#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,15),dpi=80)

#绘制条形图
plt.bar(range(len(a)),b,width=0.3)

#设置字符串到x轴上
plt.xticks(range(len(a)),a,fontproperties=my_font,rotation=90)

plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

my_font=font_manager.FontProperties(fname="C:/Windows/Fonts/simhei.ttf")

a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5\n：最后的骑士","摔跤吧！爸爸","加勒比海盗5\n：死无对证","金刚：骷髅岛","极限特工\n：终极回归","生化危机6\n：终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3：\n殊死一战","蜘蛛侠：\n英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊",]

b=[56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23] 

#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,15),dpi=80)

#绘制条形图
plt.barh(range(len(a)),b,height=0.3,color="orange")

#设置字符串到x轴上
plt.yticks(range(len(a)),a,fontproperties=my_font)

plt.grid(alpha=0.3)

plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

my_font=font_manager.FontProperties(fname="C:/Windows/Fonts/simhei.ttf")

a = ["猩球崛起3：终极之战","敦刻尔克","蜘蛛侠：英雄归来","战狼2"]
b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]
b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]
b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]

#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,15),dpi=80)

x_14=list(range(len(a)))
x_15=[i+0.2 for i in x_14]
x_16=[i+0.2*2 for i in x_14]

#绘制条形图
plt.bar(range(len(a)),b_14,width=0.2,color="orange",label="9月14日")
plt.bar(x_15,b_15,width=0.2,color="blue",label="9月15日")
plt.bar(x_16,b_16,width=0.2,color="pink",label="9月16日")

plt.legend(prop=my_font)

plt.xticks(x_15,a,fontproperties=my_font)


plt.show()

条形图应用的更多场景

数量统计
频率统计(市场饱和度)

绘制直方图

假设你获取了250部电影的时长(列表a中),希望统计出这些电影时长的分布状态(比如时长为100分钟到120分钟电影的数量,出现的频率)等信息,你应该如何呈现这些数据?

a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]

把数据分为多少组进行统计???(组数要适当,太少会有较大的统计误差,大多规律不明显)

频数分布直方图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
a=[131,98,125,131,124,139,131,117,128,108,135,138,131,102,107,114,119,128,121,142,127,130,124,101,110,116,117,110,128,128,115,99,136,126,134,95,138,117,111,78,132,124,113,150,110,117,86,95,144,105,126,130,126,130,126,116,123,106,112,138,123,86,101,99,136,123,117,119,105,137,123,128,125,104,109,134,125,127,105,120,107,129,116,108,132,103,136,118,102,120,114,105,115,132,145,119,121,112,139,125,138,109,132,134,156,106,117,127,144,139,139,119,140,83,110,102,123,107,143,115,136,118,139,123,112,118,125,109,119,133,112,114,122,109,106,123,116,131,127,115,118,112,135,115,146,137,116,103,144,83,123,111,110,111,100,154,136,100,118,119,133,134,106,129,126,110,111,109,141,120,117,106,149,122,122,110,118,127,121,114,125,126,114,140,103,130,141,117,106,114,121,114,133,137,92,121,112,146,97,137,105,98,117,112,81,97,139,113,134,106,144,110,137,137,111,104,117,100,111,101,110,105,129,137,112,120,113,133,112,83,94,146,133,101,131,116,111,84,137,115,122,106,144,109,123,116,111,111,133,150]

#计算组数
d=3 #组距
num_bins=(max(a)-min(a))//d

plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)

plt.hist(a,num_bins)

#设置x轴的刻度
plt.xticks(range(min(a),max(a)+d,d))

plt.grid()

plt.show()

频率分布直方图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
a=[131,98,125,131,124,139,131,117,128,108,135,138,131,102,107,114,119,128,121,142,127,130,124,101,110,116,117,110,128,128,115,99,136,126,134,95,138,117,111,78,132,124,113,150,110,117,86,95,144,105,126,130,126,130,126,116,123,106,112,138,123,86,101,99,136,123,117,119,105,137,123,128,125,104,109,134,125,127,105,120,107,129,116,108,132,103,136,118,102,120,114,105,115,132,145,119,121,112,139,125,138,109,132,134,156,106,117,127,144,139,139,119,140,83,110,102,123,107,143,115,136,118,139,123,112,118,125,109,119,133,112,114,122,109,106,123,116,131,127,115,118,112,135,115,146,137,116,103,144,83,123,111,110,111,100,154,136,100,118,119,133,134,106,129,126,110,111,109,141,120,117,106,149,122,122,110,118,127,121,114,125,126,114,140,103,130,141,117,106,114,121,114,133,137,92,121,112,146,97,137,105,98,117,112,81,97,139,113,134,106,144,110,137,137,111,104,117,100,111,101,110,105,129,137,112,120,113,133,112,83,94,146,133,101,131,116,111,84,137,115,122,106,144,109,123,116,111,111,133,150]

#计算组数
d=3 #组距
num_bins=(max(a)-min(a))//d

plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)

plt.hist(a,num_bins,density=True)

#设置x轴的刻度
plt.xticks(range(min(a),max(a)+d,d))

plt.grid()

plt.show()

在美国2004年人口普查发现有124 million的人在离家相对较远的地方工作。根据他们从家到上班地点所需要的时间,通过抽样统计(最后一列)出了下表的数据,这些数据能够绘制成直方图么?

数据来源:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram

普查报告地址:https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-33.pdf

前面的问题问的是什么呢? 问的是:哪些数据能够绘制直方图

前面的问题中给出的数据都是统计之后的数据,所以为了达到直方图的效果,需要绘制条形图。所以:一般来说能够使用plt.hist方法的的是那些没有统计过的数据

interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]

width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]

quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

my_font=font_manager.FontProperties(fname="C:/Windows/Fonts/simhei.ttf")

interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]
width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]
quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]

#设置图形大小
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)

plt.bar(range(len(quantity)),quantity,width= 1)

#设置x轴的刻度
_x=[i-0.5 for i in range(13)]
_xtick_labels=interval+[150]
plt.xticks(_x,_xtick_labels)

plt.grid()

plt.show()