MySQL的使用（二）

MySQL的使用

使用SQL语句对school进行操作，school数据库建表语句如下：

-- 如果存在名为school的数据库就删除它
drop database if exists `school`;

-- 创建名为school的数据库并设置默认的字符集和排序方式
create database `school` default charset utf8mb4;

-- 切换到school数据库上下文环境
use `school`;

-- 创建学院表
create table `tb_college`
(
`col_id` int unsigned auto_increment comment '编号',
`col_name` varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
`col_intro` varchar(5000) default '' comment '介绍',
primary key (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '学院表';

-- 创建学生表
create table `tb_student`
(
`stu_id` int unsigned not null comment '学号',
`stu_name` varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
`stu_sex` boolean default 1 comment '性别',
`stu_birth` date not null comment '出生日期',
`stu_addr` varchar(255) default '' comment '籍贯',
`col_id` int unsigned not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (`stu_id`),
foreign key (`col_id`) references `tb_college` (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '学生表';

-- 创建教师表
create table `tb_teacher`
(
`tea_id` int unsigned not null comment '工号',
`tea_name` varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
`tea_title` varchar(10) default '助教' comment '职称',
`col_id` int unsigned not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (`tea_id`),
foreign key (`col_id`) references `tb_college` (`col_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '老师表';

-- 创建课程表
create table `tb_course`
(
`cou_id` int unsigned not null comment '编号',
`cou_name` varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
`cou_credit` int unsigned not null comment '学分',
`tea_id` int unsigned not null comment '授课老师',
primary key (`cou_id`),
foreign key (`tea_id`) references `tb_teacher` (`tea_id`)
) engine=innodb comment '课程表';

-- 创建选课记录表
create table `tb_record`
(
`rec_id` bigint unsigned auto_increment comment '选课记录号',
`sid` int unsigned not null comment '学号',
`cid` int unsigned not null comment '课程编号',
`sel_date` date not null comment '选课日期',
`score` decimal(4,1) comment '考试成绩',
primary key (`rec_id`),
foreign key (`sid`) references `tb_student` (`stu_id`),
foreign key (`cid`) references `tb_course` (`cou_id`),
unique (`sid`, `cid`)
) engine=innodb comment '选课记录表';

use school;

-- 插入学院数据
insert into `tb_college` 
    (`col_name`, `col_intro`) 
values 
    ('计算机学院', '计算机学院1958年设立计算机专业，1981年建立计算机科学系，1998年设立计算机学院，2005年5月，为了进一步整合教学和科研资源，学校决定，计算机学院和软件学院行政班子合并统一运作、实行教学和学生管理独立运行的模式。 学院下设三个系：计算机科学与技术系、物联网工程系、计算金融系；两个研究所：图象图形研究所、网络空间安全研究院（2015年成立）；三个教学实验中心：计算机基础教学实验中心、IBM技术中心和计算机专业实验中心。'),
    ('外国语学院', '外国语学院设有7个教学单位，6个文理兼收的本科专业；拥有1个一级学科博士授予点，3个二级学科博士授予点，5个一级学科硕士学位授权点，5个二级学科硕士学位授权点，5个硕士专业授权领域，同时还有2个硕士专业学位（MTI）专业；有教职员工210余人，其中教授、副教授80余人，教师中获得中国国内外名校博士学位和正在职攻读博士学位的教师比例占专任教师的60%以上。'),
    ('经济管理学院', '经济学院前身是创办于1905年的经济科；已故经济学家彭迪先、张与九、蒋学模、胡寄窗、陶大镛、胡代光，以及当代学者刘诗白等曾先后在此任教或学习。');

-- 插入学生数据
insert into `tb_student` 
    (`stu_id`, `stu_name`, `stu_sex`, `stu_birth`, `stu_addr`, `col_id`) 
values
    (1001, '杨过', 1, '1990-3-4', '湖南长沙', 1),
    (1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
    (1033, '王语嫣', 0, '1989-12-3', '四川成都', 1),
    (1572, '岳不群', 1, '1993-7-19', '陕西咸阳', 1),
    (1378, '纪嫣然', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
    (1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
    (2035, '东方不败', 1, '1988-6-30', null, 2),
    (3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
    (3755, '项少龙', 1, '1993-1-25', null, 3),
    (3923, '杨不悔', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3);

-- 插入老师数据
insert into `tb_teacher` 
    (`tea_id`, `tea_name`, `tea_title`, `col_id`) 
values 
    (1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
    (1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
    (1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
    (2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
    (3366, '韦一笑', default, 3);

-- 插入课程数据
insert into `tb_course` 
    (`cou_id`, `cou_name`, `cou_credit`, `tea_id`) 
values 
    (1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
    (2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
    (3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
    (4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
    (5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
    (6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
    (7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
    (8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
    (9999, '审计学', 3, 3366);

-- 插入选课数据
insert into `tb_record` 
    (`sid`, `cid`, `sel_date`, `score`) 
values 
    (1001, 1111, '2017-09-01', 95),
    (1001, 2222, '2017-09-01', 87.5),
    (1001, 3333, '2017-09-01', 100),
    (1001, 4444, '2018-09-03', null),
    (1001, 6666, '2017-09-02', 100),
    (1002, 1111, '2017-09-03', 65),
    (1002, 5555, '2017-09-01', 42),
    (1033, 1111, '2017-09-03', 92.5),
    (1033, 4444, '2017-09-01', 78),
    (1033, 5555, '2017-09-01', 82.5),
    (1572, 1111, '2017-09-02', 78),
    (1378, 1111, '2017-09-05', 82),
    (1378, 7777, '2017-09-02', 65.5),
    (2035, 7777, '2018-09-03', 88),
    (2035, 9999, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 1111, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 8888, '2019-09-02', null),
    (3755, 9999, '2017-09-01', 92);

上一章已经进行了大部分的查询操作，这一章将会进行部分查询操作以及更新、删除操作

一、查询数据

-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询)
-- 嵌套查询：把一个查询的结果作为另外一个查询的一部分来使用
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_birth=(
	select min(stu_birth) from tb_student
);
-- 查询年龄最大的学生姓名和年龄(子查询+运算)
select 
	stu_name as 姓名,
    floor(datediff(curdate(), stu_birth)/365) as 年龄
from tb_student where stu_birth=(
	select min(stu_birth) from tb_student
);
-- 查询选了两门以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
select stu_name from tb_student where stu_id in (
	select sid from tb_record group by sid having count(*)>2
);


-- 查询课程名称、学分和授课老师的姓名
select cou_name, cou_credit, tea_name
from tb_course, tb_teacher
where tb_course.tea_id=tb_teacher.tea_id;

select cou_name, cou_credit, tea_name from tb_course t1
inner join tb_teacher t2 on t1.tea_id=t2.tea_id;


-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及成绩(连接查询)
select stu_name, cou_name, score
from tb_student, tb_course, tb_record
where stu_id = sid and cou_id = cid and score is not null;

select stu_name, cou_name, score from tb_student
inner join tb_record on stu_id=sid
inner join tb_course on cou_id=cid
where score is not null;


-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(子查询和连接查询)
select stu_name, avg_score
from tb_student, (select sid, round(avg(score), 2) as avg_score 
	from tb_record group by sid
) tb_temp where stu_id=sid;

-- 查询每个学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和子查询)
-- 内连接：只能查到满足连接条件的记录
-- 外连接：左外连接、右外连接、全外连接（full outer join, MySQL不支持）
-- 写在join前面的是左表，写在join后面的是右表
-- 左外连接：把左表不满足连表条件的记录也能够完整的查出来，不满足条件的地方填充null
select 
	stu_name as 姓名,
	ifnull(total, 0) as 选课数量
from tb_student left outer join (
	select sid, count(*) as total from tb_record group by sid
) tb_temp on stu_id=sid
order by 选课数量 desc limit 5,3;   -- limit 3 offset 5;

二、更新数据

use school;

update tb_student set stu_addr='四川成都' where stu_id in (1, 5);

update tb_student set stu_id=1001 where stu_id=1;
update tb_student set stu_id=1002 where stu_id=2;
update tb_student set stu_id=1003 where stu_id=3;
update tb_student set stu_id=1004 where stu_id=4;
update tb_student set stu_id=1005 where stu_id=5;

update tb_student set stu_birth='1990-1-1',stu_addr='四川绵阳'
where stu_id between 1002 and 1004;

三、删除数据

use school;

delete from tb_college where col_id=6;

-- 可以用集合的方式删除多条
delete from tb_college where col_id in (4);

-- 有外键约束的时候无法删除
delete from tb_college where col_id in (1, 2, 3, 5);

-- 删除数据库:彻底删除,无法找回,用delete删除还有可能恢复数据
-- truncate table tb_college;

四、数据库的练习

drop database if exists hrs;
create database hrs default charset utf8mb4;

use hrs;

create table tb_dept
(
dno int not null comment '编号',
dname varchar(10) not null comment '名称',
dloc varchar(20) not null comment '所在地',
primary key (dno)
);

insert into tb_dept values 
    (10, '会计部', '北京'),
    (20, '研发部', '成都'),
    (30, '销售部', '重庆'),
    (40, '运维部', '深圳');

create table tb_emp
(
eno int not null comment '员工编号',
ename varchar(20) not null comment '员工姓名',
job varchar(20) not null comment '员工职位',
mgr int comment '主管编号',
sal int not null comment '员工月薪',
comm int comment '每月补贴',
dno int comment '所在部门编号',
primary key (eno),
foreign key (dno) references tb_dept (dno)
);

-- alter table tb_emp add constraint pk_emp_eno primary key (eno);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint uk_emp_ename unique (ename);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint fk_emp_mgr foreign key (mgr) references tb_emp (eno);
-- alter table tb_emp add constraint fk_emp_dno foreign key (dno) references tb_dept (dno);

insert into tb_emp values 
    (7800, '张三丰', '总裁', null, 9000, 1200, 20),
    (2056, '乔峰', '分析师', 7800, 5000, 1500, 20),
    (3088, '李莫愁', '设计师', 2056, 3500, 800, 20),
    (3211, '张无忌', '程序员', 2056, 3200, null, 20),
    (3233, '丘处机', '程序员', 2056, 3400, null, 20),
    (3251, '张翠山', '程序员', 2056, 4000, null, 20),
    (5566, '宋远桥', '会计师', 7800, 4000, 1000, 10),
    (5234, '郭靖', '出纳', 5566, 2000, null, 10),
    (3344, '黄蓉', '销售主管', 7800, 3000, 800, 30),
    (1359, '胡一刀', '销售员', 3344, 1800, 200, 30),
    (4466, '苗人凤', '销售员', 3344, 2500, null, 30),
    (3244, '欧阳锋', '程序员', 3088, 3200, null, 20),
    (3577, '杨过', '会计', 5566, 2200, null, 10),
    (3588, '朱九真', '会计', 5566, 2500, null, 10);


-- 查询月薪最高的员工姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(select max(sal) from tb_emp);

select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal>=all(select sal from tb_emp);

-- 查询员工的姓名和年薪((月薪+补贴)*13)
select 
	ename as 姓名,
    (sal + ifnull(comm, 0)) * 13 as 年薪
from tb_emp;

-- 查询有员工的部门的编号和人数
select dno, count(*) from tb_emp group by dno;

-- 查询所有部门的名称和人数
select dname, ifnull(人数, 0) from tb_dept
left outer join(
	select dno, count(*) as 人数 from tb_emp group by dno
) tb_temp on tb_dept.dno=tb_temp.dno;

-- 查询月薪最高的员工(Boss除外)的姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(
	select max(sal) from tb_emp where mgr is not null
);

-- 查询月薪第二名的员工的姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(select distinct sal from tb_emp order by sal desc limit 1,1);

select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(select max(sal) from tb_emp where sal<(select max(sal) from tb_emp));

-- 查询月薪排第N名的员工的姓名和月薪(作业）
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal=(select distinct sal from tb_emp order by sal desc limit 2,1);

select distinct sal from tb_emp order by sal desc;

-- 查询月薪超过平均月薪的员工的姓名和月薪
select ename, sal from tb_emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from tb_emp);


-- 查询月薪超过其所在部门平均月薪的员工的姓名、部门编号和月薪
select ename, tb_emp.dno, sal from tb_emp, (
	select dno, avg(sal) as 平均月薪 from tb_emp group by dno
) tb_temp where tb_emp.dno=tb_temp.dno and sal > 平均月薪;

-- 查询部门中月薪最高的人姓名、月薪和所在部门名称
select ename, sal, dname
from tb_emp t1, tb_dept t2, (
select dno, max(sal) as max_sal from tb_emp group by dno
) t3 where t1.dno=t2.dno and t1.dno=t3.dno and sal=max_sal;


-- 查询主管的姓名和职位
-- 尽量少用in/not in运算，尽量少用distinct操作
-- 可以使用存在性判断（exists)替代集合运算和去重操作
select ename, job from tb_emp where eno in (
	select distinct mgr from tb_emp where mgr is not null
);

select ename, job from tb_emp where eno=any (
	select distinct mgr from tb_emp where mgr is not null
);

-- select now() from dual where exists (select 'x' from tb_emp where dno=10);

select ename, job from tb_emp t1 where exists(
	select 'x' from tb_emp t2 where t1.eno=t2.mgr
);
    
-- 查询月薪排名4~6名的员工排名、姓名和月薪
select num, ename, sal from (
	select @a:=@a+1 as num, ename, sal 
    from tb_emp t1, (select @a:=0) t2 order by sal desc
) t3 limit 3 offset 3;

-- MySQL8有窗口函数：row_number()/rank()/dense_rank()
-- 窗口函数不适合业务数据库，只适合做离线数据分析
select 
	ename, sal, 
    row_number() over (order by sal desc) as row_num,
    rank() over (order by sal desc) as ranking,
    dense_rank()  over (order by sal desc) as den_ranking
from tb_emp limit 3,3;   -- 这样除了row_number，其他的都有问题

select ename, sal, den_ranking from (
    select ename, sal, dense_rank() over (order by sal desc) as den_ranking from tb_emp
) tb_temp where den_ranking between 4 and 6;

-- 窗口函数主要用于解决TopN查询问题
-- 查询每个部门月薪排前2名的员工姓名和月薪
select ename, sal, dno, ranking from(
	select ename, sal, dno, rank() over (partition by dno order by sal desc) as ranking 
    from tb_emp
) tb_temp where ranking<=2;

select ename, sal, dno from tb_emp t1
where (select count(*) from tb_emp t2 where t1.dno=t2.dno and t2.sal>t1.sal)<2
order by dno asc, sal desc;