kvm虚拟化
1. 虚拟化介绍
-
虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说,虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机,虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源,但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。
-
物理机我们一般称为宿主机(Host),宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机(Guest)。
-
那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化,并提供给 Guest 使用的呢?
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。
根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置,虚拟化又分为两种:
- 全虚拟化
- 半虚拟化
全虚拟化:
Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上,多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型
半虚拟化:
物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统,比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行,并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型
理论上讲:
全虚拟化一般对硬件虚拟化功能进行了特别优化,性能上比半虚拟化要高;
半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统,会比较灵活,比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。
2. kvm介绍
-
kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko,只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。 -
那 IO 的虚拟化,比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
-
作为一个 Hypervisor,KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。
其实,Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor,还能管理 Xen,VirtualBox 等。
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西:后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
- libvirtd是服务程序,接收和处理 API 请求;
- API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具,比如 virt-manager,这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具;
- virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
3. kvm部署
环境说明
主机名 | IP | 系统类型 |
---|---|---|
kvm-manager | 192.168.200.148 | CentOS7 |
kvm | 192.168.200.144 | CentOS8 |
3.1 kvm安装
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况:
- 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
- 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
//关闭防火墙与SELINUX
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@kvm ~]# setenforce 0
[root@kvm ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config
//下载所需用到的包
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
//验证cpu是否支持kvm,如果结果中有vmx(Intel)或svm(AMD)字样,就说明CPU的支持的
[root@kvm ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
vmx
vmx
vmx
//kvm安装
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-common qemu-img virt-manager libvirt python3-libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
//因为虚拟机中网络,我们一般都是和公司的其他服务器是同一个网段,所以我们需要把 \
KVM服务器的网卡配置成桥接模式。这样的话KVM的虚拟机就可以通过该桥接网卡和公司内部 \
其他服务器处于同一网段
//此处我的网卡是ens33,所以我们用br0来桥接ens33网卡
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@kvm network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33
[root@kvm network-scripts]#
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.200.145
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.200.2
DNS1=114.114.114.114
[root@kvm network-scripts]#
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]#
//重启网卡
[root@kvm network-scripts]# systemctl restart NetworkManager
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:e1:a0:bf brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
4: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:e1:a0:bf brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.200.145/24 brd 192.168.200.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee1:a0bf/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@kvm ~]#
//启动服务
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
//测试并验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# lsmod|grep kvm
kvm_intel 311296 0
kvm 839680 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
[root@kvm ~]#
[root@kvm ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
Id 名称 状态
-------------------
[root@kvm ~]# virsh --version
6.0.0
[root@kvm ~]# virt-install --version
2.2.1
[root@kvm ~]#
//做软链接
[root@kvm ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 10月 20 23:06 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]#
3.2 kvm web管理界面安装
kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的。
//安装依赖包
[root@kvm-manager ~]# yum -y install git python2-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel
//从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm-manager ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@kvm-manager src]# ls
[root@kvm-manager src]# git clone git://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 80.00 KiB/s, 完成.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3606/3606), 完成.
[root@kvm-manager src]# ls
webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager src]#
//安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# pip2 install -r requirements.txt
//检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# python2
Python 2.7.18 (default, Sep 22 2021, 16:02:57)
[GCC 8.5.0 20210514 (Red Hat 8.5.0-3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit
Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit
>>> exit()
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]#
//初始化帐号信息
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ./manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes //问你是否创建超级管理员帐号
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): admin //指定超级管理员帐号用户名,默认留空为root
Email address: 1@2.com //设置超级管理员邮箱
Password: //设置超级管理员密码
Password (again): //再次输入超级管理员密码
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]#
//拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr/ /var/www/
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/
//生成密钥
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:KTJ3IWSrcRu+9Vd2o3E25VwJDsnMUxiO/AkNqzDordI root@kvm-manager
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| o .+o=o |
| .o .. *Bo . .|
| ..o= .= o.. .o|
| . .=o+.oo . oo|
| .+.=.S o .o=+|
| . .+ = . o=.o|
| . E . . .. |
| . . |
| |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@kvm-manager ~]#
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.200.144
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.200.144 (192.168.200.144)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:4VPYR1bpyvu6BYTzkAkAZWVS/UttttbRezAdzsbF9N0.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.200.144's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.200.144'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@kvm-manager ~]#
//配置端口转发
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ssh 192.168.200.144 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Wed Oct 20 15:52:18 2021 from 192.168.200.148
[root@kvm ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
//配置nginx
[root@kvm-manager ~]# vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80; //这里保留这两行就行了
server_name localhost;
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
}
[root@kvm-manager ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
//确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@kvm-manager ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
.....此处省略N行
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000' //确保此处绑定的是本机的8000端口,这个在nginx配置中定义了,被代理的端口
backlog = 2048
.....此处省略N行
//重启nginx
[root@kvm-manager ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ss -antl
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ss -antl
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
//设置supervisor
[root@kvm-manager ~]# vi /etc/supervisord.conf
在文件最后加上以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
//启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@kvm-manager ~]# systemctl start supervisord
[root@kvm-manager ~]# systemctl enable supervisord
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
//配置nginx用户
[root@kvm-manager ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
[nginx@kvm-manager ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:v2dTyMv3ynDow2kq4Oic5xcY6iy1jROuXdp7DgaWGhs nginx@kvm-manager
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| |
| |
| |
| .. |
| E +. oS . . |
| *+.o .. o.. |
| o= B+. ..oo+. |
| .oO*+.+ o@+. |
| .+*++=..o=.+oo.|
+----[SHA256]-----+
[nginx@kvm-manager ~]$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
[nginx@kvm-manager ~]$ cd ~/.ssh/
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ ls
config id_rsa id_rsa.pub
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ chmod 0600 config
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ ll
总用量 12
-rw-------. 1 nginx nginx 54 10月 21 00:18 config
-rw-------. 1 nginx nginx 2602 10月 21 00:18 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 nginx nginx 571 10月 21 00:18 id_rsa.pub
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.200.144
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.200.144' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.200.144's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.200.144'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ ssh root@192.168.200.144
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.200.144' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Last login: Wed Oct 20 15:57:55 2021 from 192.168.200.145
[root@kvm ~]# exit
注销
Connection to 192.168.200.144 closed.
[nginx@kvm-manager .ssh]$ exit
注销
[root@kvm-manager ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@kvm-manager ~]# chown -R root.root /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@kvm-manager ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 *:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
[root@kvmr ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
4. kvm web界面管理
通过ip地址在浏览器上访问kvm,例如我这里就是:http://192.168.200.148/login
4.1 kvm连接管理
4.2 kvm存储管理
通过远程连接软件上传ISO镜像文件至存储目录/var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@kvm ~]# cd /var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@kvm images]# ls
[root@kvm images]# ls
CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804-7.5.iso
在 web 界面查看ISO镜像是否存在
创建系统安装镜像
4.3 kvm网络管理
添加桥接网络
4.4 实例管理
实例(虚拟机)创建
5. 故障案例
5.1 案例1
web界面配置完成后可能会出现以下错误界面
解决方法是安装novnc并通过novnc_server启动一个vnc
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.local
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Aug 6 2018 /etc/rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 513 Mar 11 22:35 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 513 Mar 11 22:35 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
......此处省略N行
# that this script will be executed during boot.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
nohup novnc_server 172.16.12.128:5920 &
[root@localhost ~]# . /etc/rc.d/rc.local
做完以上操作后再次访问即可正常访问
5.2 案例2
第一次通过web访问kvm时可能会一直访问不了,一直转圈,而命令行界面一直报错(too many open files)
此时需要对nginx进行配置
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
....此处省略N行
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 655350; //添加此行配置
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
....此处省略N行
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx
然后对系统参数进行设置
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
....此处省略N行
# End of file
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350