【python 学习笔记01:数据类型和基本操作函数,字符串更替查找】

python note
 
 
apple_price = 10
apple_weight = 2
apple_cost = apple_price * apple_weight
print(apple_cost)
 
grape_price = 15
grape_weight = 1.5
grape_cost = grape_price * grape_weight
print(grape_cost)
 
total_cost = apple_cost + grape_cost
"apple_cost:{};grape_cost:{};total_cost:{}".format(apple_cost,grape_cost,total_cost)
 
#语法糖
a = 10
b = 20
a,b = b,a 
 
#格式化输出
print("a is {},b is {}".format(a,b))
 
#按位取整
round(100/3,3)
 
P147
代码规范建议：
1、不要使用单字符
2、变量名能清晰表达标量的意义
3、合理使用字母中加的下划线
 
-----------------------------
变量类型
 
1、字符串 str
2、数字 int float complex
3、列表 list
4、元组 tuple
5、字典 dict
 
数值类型
num += 10
Num -= 10
Num *= 10
Num /= 10
 
 
>>> import math
#乘方
>>> math.pow(10,3)
1000.0
>>> 3 ** 10
59049
>>> 10 ** 3
1000
 
#向下取整
math.floor(2.1)
2
 
#向上取整
>>> math.ceil(2.1)
3
 
#度的转换
>>> math.radians(180)
3.141592653589793
 
 
 
>>>> math.sin(math.pi/2)
1.0
 
 
>>>>min(12.3,18,243,4)
4
>>> max(12.3,18,243,4)
243
 
 
#求和
>>> sum([12.3,18,243,4])
277.3
 
#求商和余数
>>> divmod(10,3)
(3, 1)
 
bool类型
True，False
True == 1
False == 0
 
Bool类型运算：与运算、或运算、非运算
 
与运算：同为真才为真
True and True
True
>>> True and False
False
 
或运算：只要有一个为真则为真
>>> True or False
True
 
非运算：取反
>>> not True
False
 
 
操作符：> >= < <= == != is(判断是否相等)
 
 
 
字符串
#字符串可以使用单、双引号，通过单、双引号的恰当使用，可以避免不必要的字符转译，（escape），也就是说，可以避免使用（\ 转义字符）
In [1]: line = "hello world"
In [2]: print(line)
hello world
In [3]: line = "hello world\""
In [4]: print(line)
hello world"
In [5]: line = 'hello \'world'
In [6]: print(line)
hello 'world
#字符串的加法操作
>>> line_1 = "nihao, "
>>> line_2 ="xiaojiejie"
>>> print(line_1+line_2)
nihao, xiaojiejie
#字符串的乘法操作
>>> line = 'nihao'
>>> print(line*3)
nihaonihaonihao
字符串是不可变类型的变量
#字符串的长度
>>> line = 'ni hao'
>>> len(line)
6
>>> line = 'ni hao'
>>> id(line)
4498582696
>>> line = 'buhao'
>>> id(line)
4498582752
切片
>>> line = 'huan yin da jia'
#取前10个字符
>>> line[:10]
'huan yin d'
>>> line[:10:1]
'huan yin d'
>>> line[:10:2]
'ha i '
>>> line_len = len(line)
>>> line[:line_len:2]
'ha i aja'
#取后10个字符
>>> line[-10:]
'yin da jia'
#翻转字符
>>> line[::-1]
'aij ad niy nauh'
#取单字符
line[1]
'u'
///字符串相关函数/
line.capitalize()   line.isidentifier()  line.rindex()
line.casefold()     line.islower()       line.rjust()
line.center()       line.isnumeric()     line.rpartition()
line.count()        line.isprintable()   line.rsplit()
line.encode()       line.isspace()       line.rstrip()
line.endswith()     line.istitle()       line.split()
line.expandtabs()   line.isupper()       line.splitlines()
line.find()         line.join()          line.startswith()
line.format()       line.ljust()         line.strip()
line.format_map()   line.lower( )        line.swapcase()
line.index()        line.lstrip( )       line.title()
line.isalnum()      line.maketrans()     line.translate()
line.isalpha()      line.partition( )    line.upper()
line.isdecimal()    line.replace( )      line.zfill()
line.isdigit()
#第一个字符大写，其他的字符全部变成小写
>>> line.capitalize()
'Huan yin da jia'
#居中
>>> line.center(20,"%")
'%%huan yin da jia%%%'
#计数
>>> line.count('a')
3
#字符串的首位判断
>>> line.startswith('a')
False
>>> line.endswith('a')
True
>>> line.endswith('jia')
True
# find:存在返回第一个字符的下标，不存在返回-1
>>> line.find('h')
0
>>> line.find('a')
2
#index:存在返回第一个字符的下标，不存在会报错
>>> line.index('z')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: substring not found
>>> line.index('a')
2
#大小写转换
>>> line = 'ADdfdaAdfdppDfd'
>>> line.upper()
'ADDFDAADFDPPDFD'
>>> line.lower()
'addfdaadfdppdfd'
#判断是否是大写/小写
>>> line.isupper()
False
>>> line.islower()
False
#判断字符串是否是title：首字母大写，其他字符都是小写的为title
>>> line_1 = line.capitalize()
>>> line_1.istitle()
True
>>> line  = '   dhiaf \ hdha knadfj'
>>> line.strip()
'dhiaf \\ hdha knadfj'
>>> line.lstrip()
'dhiaf \\ hdha knadfj'
列表：可以容纳任意类型的对象，任意数量的对象【重点】列表是可变类型的
#空列表
>>> varibals = []
>>> varibals = list()
varibals = [1,2,3,4,'ni hao',"hello world",[],[11,22,33]]
>>> print(varibals)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 'ni hao', 'hello world', [], [11, 22, 33]]
#向空列表中插入数据
>>> varlist = []
>>> varlist.append(1)
>>> varlist
[1]
>>> varlist.append("hello")
>>> varlist.append('world')
>>> varlist1 = [2,'girl is','beautiful']
>>> varlist.append(varlist1)
>>> print(varlist)
[1, 'hello', 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
#修改列表中某个位置元素的值
>>> varlist[1] = 10
>>> print(varlist)
[1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
#python是一种动态类型的语言，一个变量是什么类型，要看程序在运行过程中变量所表示的值是什么
>>> var = 10
>>> type(var)
<class 'int'>
>>> var = 'hello'
>>> type(var)
<class 'str'>
>>> var = [1,3]
>>> type(var)
<class 'list'>
#切片 : 与字符串类型的切片操作基本一致
>>> varlist
[1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
>>> varlist[-2:]
['world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
>>> varlist[2:]
['world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
>>> varlist[:2]
[1, 10]
>>> varlist[::2]
[1, 'world']
>>> varlist
[1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
>>> varlist + [111,222]
[1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful'], 111, 222]
>>> varlist*2
[1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful'], 1, 10, 'world', [2, 'girl is', 'beautiful']]
>>> 
序列：列表是一种容器行的序列；字符串是一种扁平形的序列
varlist.append()   varlist.count( )   varlist.insert( )  varlist.reverse()
varlist.clear()    varlist.extend( )  varlist.pop( )     varlist.sort()
varlist.copy()     varlist.index(  )  varlist.remove()
help> list
 |  
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes
 |  
 |  append(...)
 |      L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end
 |  
 |  clear(...)
 |      L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L
 |  
 |  copy(...)
 |      L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L
 |  
 |  count(...)
 |      L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
 |  
 |  extend(...)
 |      L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable
 |  
 |  index(...)
 |      L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |  
 |  insert(...)
 |      L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index
 |  
 |  pop(...)
 |      L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
 |      Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
 |  
 |  remove(...)
 |      L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 |  
 |  reverse(...)
 |      L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*
 |  
 |  sort(...)
 |      L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE*
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |  
 |  __hash__ = None
----===============
Tuple: 元组 :不可变列表
Var = tuple()
Var = ()
>>> var = (1,2,'hhh',[22,33])
>>> var
(1, 2, 'hhh', [22, 33])
var.count()  var.index() 
  
==================
ditc : 字典类型 
Var = {}
Var = dict()
type(var)
>>> var = {}
>>> type(var)
<class 'dict'>
>>> var = {
... '中':100,
... '左':600
... }
>>> var
{'中': 100, '左': 600}
>>> var['中']
100
>>> word = ['中','左']
>>> location = [100,600]
>>> location[word.index('中')]
100
#拉索函数[zip（）]
>>> zip(word,location)
<zip object at 0x10c411648>
>>> list(zip(word,location))
[('中', 100), ('左', 600)]
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