Python定义函数时，指定参数默认值

4.8. More on Defining Functions

It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined.

4.8.1. Default Argument Values

The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example:

def ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, reminder='Please try again!'):
    while True:
        ok = input(prompt)
        if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'):
            return True
        if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop', 'nope'):
            return False
        retries = retries - 1
        if retries < 0:
            raise ValueError('invalid user response')
        print(reminder)

This function can be called in several ways:

• giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?')

• giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2)

• or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!')

This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value.

The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that

i = 5

def f(arg=i):
    print(arg)

i = 6
f()

will print .5

Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls:

def f(a, L=[]):
    L.append(a)
    return L

print(f(1))
print(f(2))
print(f(3))

This will print

[1]
[1, 2]
[1, 2, 3]

If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead:

def f(a, L=None):
    if L is None:
        L = []
    L.append(a)
    return L

4.8.详解函数定义

完全可以定义带有可变参数的函数。有三种形式，它们可以组合。

4.8.1.参数默认值

最有用的形式是指定一个或多个参数的默认值。现在建立一个函数，仅用被定义的少数参数就可以激活这个函数。例：

这个函数在这几种情况下可以被唤醒：

1. 只给出强制性参数：ask_ok(“Do you really want to quit?”)
2. 给出一个可选参数：ask_ok(“OK to overwrite the file?”, 2)
3. 甚至给出所有的参数：ask_ok(“OK to overwrite the file?”, 2, “Come on, only yes or no!”)

实例中的关键字in，这是为了测试序列是不是包含特定值。

有效的默认值是在函数定义时定义的作用域内，例如。

重要提示：默认值仅计算一次。当默认值是可变对象，诸如列表，字典或大多数类的实例时，函数会在后续的调用中应用可变对象。例如：

如果不想在后续调用函数时引用可变对象默认值，程序可以这样写：