推导过程如下:
f ′ = ( e i ∑ i e i ) ′ = ( e i ) × ∑ i e i − e i × e i ( ∑ i e i ) 2 = e i ∑ i e i − e i ∑ i e i × e i ∑ i e i = e i ∑ i e i ( 1 − e i ∑ i e i ) = f ( 1 − f ) \begin{aligned} f{\prime}&=\left(\frac{e{i}}{\sum_{i} e{i}}\right){\prime} & \\ &=\frac{\left(e^{i}\right) \times \sum_{i} e{i}-e{i} \times e^{i}}{\left(\sum_{i} e{i}\right){2}} \\ &=\frac{e^{i}}{\sum_{i} e{i}}-\frac{e{i}}{\sum_{i} e^{i}} \times \frac{e^{i}}{\sum_{i} e^{i}} \\ &= \frac{e^{i}}{\sum_{i} e{i}}\left(1-\frac{e{i}}{\sum_{i} e^{i}}\right) \\ &= f(1-f) \end{aligned} f′=(∑ieiei)′=(∑iei)2(ei)×∑iei−ei×ei=∑ieiei−∑ieiei×∑ieiei=∑ieiei(1−∑ieiei)=f(1−f)
1.2.3 代码实现
import numpy as np
class Softmax():
def call(self, x):
e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True))
return e_x / np.sum(e_x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
def gradient(self, x):
p = self.call(x)
return p * (1 - p)
1.3.1 函数
t a n h ( x ) = e x − e − x e x + e − x tanh(x)=\frac{e{x}-e{-x}}{e{x}+e{-x}} tanh(x)=ex+e−xex−e−x
1.3.2 导数
求导过程:
tanh ( x ) ′ = ( e x − e − x e x + e − x ) ′ = ( e x − e − x ) ′ ( e x + e − x ) − ( e x − e − x ) ( e x + e − x ) ′ ( e x + e − x ) 2 = ( e x + e − x ) 2 − ( e x ⋅ e − x ) 2 ( e x + e − x ) 2 = 1 − ( e x − e − x e x + e − x ) 2 = 1 − tanh ( x ) 2 \begin{aligned} \tanh (x)^{\prime} &=\left(\frac{e{x}-e{-x}}{e{x}+e{-x}}\right)^{\prime} \\ &=\frac{\left(e{x}-e{-x}\right){\prime}\left(e{x}+e{-x}\right)-\left(e{x}-e{-x}\right)\left(e{x}+e{-x}\right){\prime}}{\left(e{x}+e{-x}\right)^{2}} \\ &=\frac{\left(e{x}+e{-x}\right){2}-\left(e{x} \cdot e{-x}\right){2}}{\left(e{x}+e{-x}\right)^{2}} \\ &=1-\left(\frac{e{x}-e{-x}}{e{x}+e{-x}}\right)^{2} \\ &=1-\tanh (x)^{2} \end{aligned} tanh(x)′=(ex+e−xex−e−x)′=(ex+e−x)2(ex−e−x)′(ex+e−x)−(ex−e−x)(ex+e−x)′=(ex+e−x)2(ex+e−x)2−(ex⋅e−x)2=1−(ex+e−xex−e−x)2=1−tanh(x)2
1.3.3 代码实现
import numpy as np
class TanH():
def call(self, x):
return 2 / (1 + np.exp(-2*x)) - 1
def gradient(self, x):
return 1 - np.power(self.call(x), 2)
1.4.1 函数
f ( x ) = max ( 0 , x ) f(x)=\max (0, x) f(x)=max(0,x)
1.4.2 导数
f ′ ( x ) = { 1 if ( x > 0 ) 0 if