4.Pod详解【四】

4. Pod详解

4.1 Pod介绍

4.1.1 Pod结构

在这里插入图片描述

每个Pod中都可以包含一个或者多个容器,这些容器可以分为两类:

  • 用户程序所在的容器,数量可多可少

  • Pause容器,这是每个Pod都会有的一个根容器,它的作用有两个:

    • 可以以它为依据,评估整个Pod的健康状态
    • 可以在根容器上设置Ip地址,其它容器都此Ip(Pod IP),以实现Pod内部的网路通信
    这里是Pod内部的通讯,Pod的之间的通讯采用虚拟二层网络技术来实现,我们当前环境用的是Flannel
    

4.1.2 Pod定义

下面是Pod的资源清单:

apiVersion: v1     #必选,版本号,例如v1
kind: Pod         #必选,资源类型,例如 Pod
metadata:         #必选,元数据
  name: string     #必选,Pod名称
  namespace: string  #Pod所属的命名空间,默认为"default"
  labels:           #自定义标签列表
    - name: string                 
spec:  #必选,Pod中容器的详细定义
  containers:  #必选,Pod中容器列表
  - name: string   #必选,容器名称
    image: string  #必选,容器的镜像名称
    imagePullPolicy: [ Always|Never|IfNotPresent ]  #获取镜像的策略 
    command: [string]   #容器的启动命令列表,如不指定,使用打包时使用的启动命令
    args: [string]      #容器的启动命令参数列表
    workingDir: string  #容器的工作目录
    volumeMounts:       #挂载到容器内部的存储卷配置
    - name: string      #引用pod定义的共享存储卷的名称,需用volumes[]部分定义的的卷名
      mountPath: string #存储卷在容器内mount的绝对路径,应少于512字符
      readOnly: boolean #是否为只读模式
    ports: #需要暴露的端口库号列表
    - name: string        #端口的名称
      containerPort: int  #容器需要监听的端口号
      hostPort: int       #容器所在主机需要监听的端口号,默认与Container相同
      protocol: string    #端口协议,支持TCP和UDP,默认TCP
    env:   #容器运行前需设置的环境变量列表
    - name: string  #环境变量名称
      value: string #环境变量的值
    resources: #资源限制和请求的设置
      limits:  #资源限制的设置
        cpu: string     #Cpu的限制,单位为core数,将用于docker run --cpu-shares参数
        memory: string  #内存限制,单位可以为Mi/Gi,将用于docker run --memory参数
      requests: #资源请求的设置
        cpu: string    #Cpu请求,容器启动的初始可用数量
        memory: string #内存请求,容器启动的初始可用数量
    lifecycle: #生命周期钩子
        postStart: #容器启动后立即执行此钩子,如果执行失败,会根据重启策略进行重启
        preStop: #容器终止前执行此钩子,无论结果如何,容器都会终止
    livenessProbe:  #对Pod内各容器健康检查的设置,当探测无响应几次后将自动重启该容器
      exec:         #对Pod容器内检查方式设置为exec方式
        command: [string]  #exec方式需要制定的命令或脚本
      httpGet:       #对Pod内个容器健康检查方法设置为HttpGet,需要制定Path、port
        path: string
        port: number
        host: string
        scheme: string
        HttpHeaders:
        - name: string
          value: string
      tcpSocket:     #对Pod内个容器健康检查方式设置为tcpSocket方式
         port: number
       initialDelaySeconds: 0       #容器启动完成后首次探测的时间,单位为秒
       timeoutSeconds: 0          #对容器健康检查探测等待响应的超时时间,单位秒,默认1秒
       periodSeconds: 0           #对容器监控检查的定期探测时间设置,单位秒,默认10秒一次
       successThreshold: 0         #对容器监控检查的定期成功多少次,认为是成功的
       failureThreshold: 0         #对容器监控检查的定期失败多少次,认为是失败的
       securityContext:            # 安全上下文
         privileged: false
  restartPolicy: [Always | Never | OnFailure]  #Pod的重启策略
  nodeName: <string> #设置NodeName表示将该Pod调度到指定到名称的node节点上
  nodeSelector: obeject #设置NodeSelector表示将该Pod调度到包含这个label的node上
  imagePullSecrets: #Pull镜像时使用的secret名称,以key:secretkey格式指定
  - name: string
  hostNetwork: false   #是否使用主机网络模式,默认为false,如果设置为true,表示使用宿主机网络
  volumes:   #在该pod上定义共享存储卷列表
  - name: string    #共享存储卷名称 (volumes类型有很多种)
    emptyDir: {}       #类型为emtyDir的存储卷,与Pod同生命周期的一个临时目录。为空值
    hostPath: string   #类型为hostPath的存储卷,表示挂载Pod所在宿主机的目录
      path: string                #Pod所在宿主机的目录,将被用于同期中mount的目录
    secret:          #类型为secret的存储卷,挂载集群与定义的secret对象到容器内部
      scretname: string
      items:     
      - key: string
        path: string
    configMap:         #类型为configMap的存储卷,挂载预定义的configMap对象到容器内部
      name: string
      items:
      - key: string
        path: string
#小提示:
#   在这里,可通过一个命令来查看每种资源的可配置项
#   kubectl explain 资源类型         查看某种资源可以配置的一级属性
#   kubectl explain 资源类型.属性     查看属性的子属性
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain pod
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
FIELDS:
   apiVersion   <string>
   kind <string>
   metadata     <Object>
   spec <Object>
   status       <Object>

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain pod.metadata
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: metadata <Object>
FIELDS:
   annotations  <map[string]string>
   clusterName  <string>
   creationTimestamp    <string>
   deletionGracePeriodSeconds   <integer>
   deletionTimestamp    <string>
   finalizers   <[]string>
   generateName <string>
   generation   <integer>
   labels       <map[string]string>
   managedFields        <[]Object>
   name <string>
   namespace    <string>
   ownerReferences      <[]Object>
   resourceVersion      <string>
   selfLink     <string>
   uid  <string>

在kubernetes中基本所有资源的一级属性都是一样的,主要包含5部分:

  • apiVersion 版本,由kubernetes内部定义,版本号必须可以用 kubectl api-versions 查询到

  • kind 类型,由kubernetes内部定义,版本号必须可以用 kubectl api-resources 查询到

  • metadata 元数据,主要是资源标识和说明,常用的有name 、namespace 、 labels 等

  • spec 描述 ,这是配置中最重要的一部分,里面是对各种资源配置的详细描述

  • status 状态 信息, 里面的内容不需要定义,有kubernetes 自动生成

    在上面的属性中, spec 是接下来研究的重点,继续看下它常见的子属性:

    • containers <[]Object> 容器列表,用于定义容器的详细信息
    • nodeName 根据nodeName的值将pod调度到指定的Node节点上
    • nodeSelector 根据NodeSelector中定义的信息选择将该Pod调度到包含这些label的Node 上
    • hostNetwork 是否使用主机网络模式,默认为false,如果设置为true,表示使用宿主机网络
    • volumes <[]Object> 存储卷,用于定义Pod上面挂在的存储信息
    • restartPolicy 重启策略,表示Pod在遇到故障的时候的处理策略

4.2 Pod配置

本小节主要来研究pod.spec.containers属性,这也是pod配置中最为关键的一项配置。

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containers
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: containers <[]Object>   # 数组,代表可以有多个容器
FIELDS:
   name  <string>     # 容器名称
   image <string>     # 容器需要的镜像地址
   imagePullPolicy  <string> # 镜像拉取策略 
   command  <[]string> # 容器的启动命令列表,如不指定,使用打包时使用的启动命令
   args     <[]string> # 容器的启动命令需要的参数列表
   env      <[]Object> # 容器环境变量的配置
   ports    <[]Object>     # 容器需要暴露的端口号列表
   resources <Object>      # 资源限制和资源请求的设置

4.2.1 基本配置

创建pod-base.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    run: agan     // 标签
  name: pod-base  // Pod名字
  namespace: dev   // 运行在那个名称空间
spec:
  containers:
  - image: nginx:latest             // 使用那个镜像
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent   // 拉去镜像策略
    name: pod-nginx-container       // 命名容器名字
  - image: busybox:latest
    name: pod-busybox-container

在这里插入图片描述

[root@k8s-master manifest]# pwd
/root/manifest
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-base.yaml 
pod/pod-base created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-base.yaml 
NAME       READY   STATUS             RESTARTS      AGE
pod-base   1/2     CrashLoopBackOff   1 (22s ago)   54s
[root@k8s-master manifest]#

上面定义了一个比较简单Pod的配置,里面有两个容器:

  • nginx:用最新版本的nginx镜像创建,(nginx是一个轻量级web容器)
  • busybox:用最新版本的busybox镜像创建,(busybox是一个小巧的linux命令集合)
# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-base.yaml 
pod/pod-base created
[root@k8s-master manifest]#

# 查看Pod状况
# READY 1/2 : 表示当前Pod中有2个容器,其中1个准备就绪,1个未就绪
# RESTARTS  : 重启次数,因为有1个容器故障了,Pod一直在重启试图恢复它
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod -n dev
NAME       READY   STATUS             RESTARTS      AGE
pod-base   1/2     CrashLoopBackOff   5 (76s ago)   5m12s
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 


# 可以通过describe查看内部的详情
# 此时已经运行起来了一个基本的Pod,虽然它暂时有问题
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-base.yaml
......省略以上内容
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                    From               Message
  ----     ------     ----                   ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  6m20s                  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-base to k8s-node2
  Normal   Pulled     6m20s                  kubelet            Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
  Normal   Created    6m20s                  kubelet            Created container pod-nginx-container
  Normal   Started    6m20s                  kubelet            Started container pod-nginx-container
  Normal   Pulled     5m53s                  kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:latest" in 26.883s (26.884s including waiting)
  Normal   Pulled     5m49s                  kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:latest" in 4.132s (4.132s including waiting)
  Normal   Pulled     5m26s                  kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:latest" in 8.984s (8.984s including waiting)
  Normal   Pulling    5m (x4 over 6m20s)     kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:latest"
  Normal   Created    4m54s (x4 over 5m53s)  kubelet            Created container pod-busybox-container
  Normal   Started    4m54s (x4 over 5m53s)  kubelet            Started container pod-busybox-container
  Normal   Pulled     4m54s                  kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:latest" in 5.892s (5.892s including waiting)
  Warning  BackOff    67s (x21 over 5m48s)   kubelet            Back-off restarting failed container pod-busybox-container in pod pod-base_dev(978edcc4-a33e-4909-aebc-1f41299dce2a)
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

4.2.2 镜像拉取

创建pod-imagepullpolicy.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
  run: agan
name: pod-imagepullpolicy
namespace: dev
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:1.24.0
  name: nginx
  imagePullPolicy: Never  # 用于设置镜像拉取策略
- image: busybox:1.30
  name: busybox

在这里插入图片描述


imagePullPolicy,用于设置镜像拉取策略,kubernetes支持配置三种拉取策略:

  • Always:总是从远程仓库拉取镜像(一直远程下载)
  • IfNotPresent:本地有则使用本地镜像,本地没有则从远程仓库拉取镜像(本地有就用本地 本地没远程下载)
  • Never:只使用本地镜像,从不去远程仓库拉取,本地没有就报错 (一直使用本地)

默认值说明:

如果镜像tag为具体版本号, 默认策略是:IfNotPresent

如果镜像tag为:latest(最终版本) ,默认策略是always

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-imagePullPolicy.yaml 
pod/pod-imagepullpolicy created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-imagePullPolicy.yaml 
NAME                  READY   STATUS     RESTARTS     AGE
pod-imagepullpolicy   1/2     NotReady   1 (9s ago)   10s

# 查看Pod详情
# 此时明显可以看到busybox镜像有一步Pulling image "busybox:1.30"的过程
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-imagePullPolicy.yaml
......
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  7s    default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-imagepullpolicy to k8s-node1
  Normal  Pulled     6s    kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.24.0" already present on machine
  Normal  Created    6s    kubelet            Created container nginx
  Normal  Started    6s    kubelet            Started container nginx
  Normal  Pulling    6s    kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.30"

4.2.3 启动命令

在前面的案例中,一直有一个问题没有解决,就是的busybox容器一直没有成功运行,那么到底是什么原因导致这个容器的故障呢?

原来busybox并不是一个程序,而是类似于一个工具类的集合,kubernetes集群启动管理后,它会自动关闭。解决方法就是让其一直在运行,这就用到了command配置。

创建pod-command.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-command
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.17.1
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.30
    command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/hello.txt;while true;do /bin/echo $(date +%T) >> /tmp/hello.txt; sleep 3; done;"]

在这里插入图片描述


command,用于在pod中的容器初始化完毕之后运行一个命令。

稍微解释下上面命令的意思:

“/bin/sh”,“-c”, 使用sh执行命令

touch /tmp/hello.txt; 创建一个/tmp/hello.txt 文件

while true;do /bin/echo $(date +%T) >> /tmp/hello.txt; sleep 3; done; 每隔3秒向文件中写入当前时间

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master practice]# pwd
/root/inventory/practice
[root@k8s-master practice]# kubectl create  -f pod-command.yaml
pod/pod-command created

[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-command.yaml
......
Events:
Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
----    ------     ----  ----               -------
Normal  Scheduled  50s   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-command to k8s-node2
Normal  Pulling    50s   kubelet            Pulling image "nginx:1.24.0"
Normal  Pulled     15s   kubelet            Successfully pulled image "nginx:1.24.0" in 34.589s (34.589s including waiting)
Normal  Created    15s   kubelet            Created container pod-command-containers
Normal  Started    15s   kubelet            Started container pod-command-containers
Normal  Pulling    15s   kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.36.0"
Normal  Pulled     2s    kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.36.0" in 13.276s (13.276s including waiting)
Normal  Created    2s    kubelet            Created container busybox
Normal  Started    2s    kubelet            Started container busybox



# 查看Pod状态
# 此时发现两个pod都正常运行了
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod -n dev
NAME                  READY   STATUS             RESTARTS         AGE
pod-base              1/2     CrashLoopBackOff   89 (4m48s ago)   43h
pod-command           2/2     Running            0                2m1s
pod-imagepullpolicy   1/2     CrashLoopBackOff   12 (2m2s ago)    38m
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

# 进入pod中的busybox容器,查看文件内容
# 补充一个命令: kubectl exec  pod名称 -n 命名空间 -it -c 容器名称 -- /bin/sh  在容器内部执行命令
# 使用这个命令就可以进入某个容器的内部,然后进行相关操作了
# 比如,可以查看txt文件的内容
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl exec pod-command -c busybox -itn dev -- /bin/sh
/ # 
/ # tail  -f /tmp/hello.txt 
05:09:25
05:09:28
05:09:31
05:09:34
05:09:37
特别说明:
    通过上面发现command已经可以完成启动命令和传递参数的功能,为什么这里还要提供一个args选项,用于传递参数呢?这其实跟docker有点关系,kubernetes中的command、args两项其实是实现覆盖Dockerfile中ENTRYPOINT的功能。
 1 如果command和args均没有写,那么用Dockerfile的配置。
 2 如果command写了,但args没有写,那么Dockerfile默认的配置会被忽略,执行输入的command
 3 如果command没写,但args写了,那么Dockerfile中配置的ENTRYPOINT的命令会被执行,使用当前args的参数
 4 如果command和args都写了,那么Dockerfile的配置被忽略,执行command并追加上args参数

4.2.4 环境变量

创建pod-env.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-env
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.30
    command: ["/bin/sh","-c","while true;do /bin/echo $(date +%T);sleep 60; done;"]
    env: # 设置环境变量列表
    - name: "username"
      value: "admin"
    - name: "password"
      value: "123456"

env,环境变量,用于在pod中的容器设置环境变量。

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# pwd
/root/manifest
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl create -f pod-env.yaml 
pod/pod-env created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                  READY   STATUS             RESTARTS         AGE
pod-base              1/2     CrashLoopBackOff   28 (3m44s ago)   123m
pod-command           2/2     Running            0                33m
pod-env               1/1     Running            0                7s
pod-imagepullpolicy   0/2     CrashLoopBackOff   17 (4m41s ago)   66m
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 


# 进入容器,输出环境变量
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl exec pod-env -c busybox-env -itn dev -- /bin/sh
/ # echo $username
admin
/ # 
/ # echo $password
123456
/ # 

这种方式不是很推荐,推荐将这些配置单独存储在配置文件中,这种方式将在后面介绍。

4.2.5 端口设置

本小节来介绍容器的端口设置,也就是containers的ports选项。

首先看下ports支持的子选项:

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.ports
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1

RESOURCE: ports <[]Object>

DESCRIPTION:
...

FIELDS:                   # (有关键字-required- 必须写上去)
 containerPort	<integer> -required-  # 容器要监听的端口(0<x<65536)。
...

 hostIP	<string>   # 要将外部端口绑定到的主机IP(一般省略)
   What host IP to bind the external port to.

 hostPort	<integer>  # 容器要在主机上公开的端口,如果设置,主机上只能运行容器的一个副本(一般省略) 
...

 name	<string>   # 端口名称,如果指定,必须保证name在pod中是唯一的
...

 protocol	<string>   # 端口协议。必须是UDP、TCP或SCTP。默认为“TCP”。
...

接下来,编写一个测试案例,创建pod-ports.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-ports
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-ports
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    ports:      # 设置容器暴露的端口列表
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
      protocol: "TCP"
# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-ports.yaml 
pod/pod-ports created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

# 查看pod
# 在下面可以明显看到配置信息
[root@k8s-master manifest]#  kubectl get pod pod-ports -n dev -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2023-11-16T08:46:52Z"
name: pod-ports
namespace: dev
resourceVersion: "549742"
uid: 37eb2cff-d252-4476-bc8a-cc4332910e31
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:1.24.0
  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  name: nginx1
  ports:
  - containerPort: 80
    name: nginx-ports
    protocol: TCP
...省略

访问容器中的程序需要使用的是Podip:containerPort

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod pod-ports -n dev -o wide
NAME        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE   IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-ports   1/1     Running   1 (41m ago)   41h   10.244.1.59   k8s-node1   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.1.59
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec pod-ports -itn dev -c nginx1 -- /bin/sh
# find / -name *html 2> /dev/null
/usr/share/nginx/html
/usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html  # nginx 网站的位置
# cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
# 
# echo '我是靓仔' > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
# cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
我是靓仔
# exit  # 退出
[root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.244.1.59
我是靓仔
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

4.2.6 资源配额

容器中的程序要运行,肯定是要占用一定资源的,比如cpu和内存等,如果不对某个容器的资源做限制,那么它就可能吃掉大量资源,导致其它容器无法运行。针对这种情况,kubernetes提供了对内存和cpu的资源进行配额的机制,这种机制主要通过resources选项实现,他有两个子选项:

  • limits:用于限制运行时容器的最大占用资源,当容器占用资源超过limits时会被终止,并进行重启
  • requests :用于设置容器需要的最小资源,如果环境资源不够,容器将无法启动

可以通过上面两个选项设置资源的上下限。

接下来,编写一个测试案例,创建pod-resources.yaml

apiVerion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-resources
namespace: dev
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
  image: nginx:1.17.1
  resources:           # 资源配额
    limits:            # 限制资源(上限)
      cpu: "2"         # CPU限制,单位是core数
      memory: "2Gi"   # 内存限制
    requests:          # 请求资源(下限)
      cpu: "1"         # CPU限制,单位是core数
      memory: "10Mi"   # 内存限制

在这对cpu和memory的单位做一个说明:

  • cpu:core数,可以为整数或小数
  • memory: 内存大小,可以使用Gi、Mi、G、M等形式
# 运行Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# pwd
/root/manifest
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-resources.yaml 
pod/pod-resources created


# 查看发现pod运行正常
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod pod-resources -n dev -o wide
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-resources   1/1     Running   0          29s   10.244.1.61   k8s-node1   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 



# 接下来,停止Pod
[root@k8s-master practice]# kubectl delete -f pod-resources.yaml 
pod "pod-resources" deleted
[root@k8s-master practice]# 

# 编辑pod,修改resources.requests.memory的值为10Gi
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# vim pod-resources.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-resources
namespace: dev
spec:
containers:
- name: podresources-containers
  image: nginx:1.24.0
  resources:
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: "4Gi"
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: "3Gi"   // 修改为3Gi

# 再次启动pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-resources.yaml 
pod/pod-resources created

# 查看Pod状态,发现Pod启动失败
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get  -f pod-resources.yaml 
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-resources   0/1     Pending   0          6s

# 查看pod详情会发现,如下提示
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-resources.yaml
......
Events:
Type     Reason            Age   From               Message
----     ------            ----  ----               -------
Warning  FailedScheduling  117s  default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane: }, 2 Insufficient memory. preemption: 0/3 nodes are available: 1 Preemption is not helpful for scheduling, 2 No preemption victims found for incoming pod..

#  Insufficient memory.(内存不足)
# 因为本人的环境只有4G运行内存,超过了,母机的内存所有启动不了。

[root@k8s-node1 ~]# free -h
            total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1.8G        409M        817M         10M        592M        1.2G
Swap:            0B          0B          0B
[root@k8s-node1 ~]# 

[root@k8s-master manifest]# pwd
/root/manifest
[root@k8s-master manifest]# cat pod-resources.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-resources
namespace: dev
spec:
containers:
- name: podresources-containers
  image: nginx:1.24.0
  resources:
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: "4Gi"
    requests:
      cpu: "1"
      memory: "1Gi"  # 修改成 1Gi
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-resources.yaml 
pod/pod-resources created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-resources.yaml 
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-resources   1/1     Running   0          4s
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

4.3 Pod生命周期

我们一般将pod对象从创建至终的这段时间范围称为pod的生命周期,它主要包含下面的过程:

  • pod创建过程
  • 运行初始化容器(init container)过程
  • 运行主容器(main container)
  • 容器启动后钩子(post start)、容器终止前钩子(pre stop)
    • 容器的存活性探测(liveness probe)、就绪性探测(readiness probe)
  • pod终止过程

在这里插入图片描述

在整个生命周期中,Pod会出现5种状态相位),分别如下:

  • 挂起(Pending):apiserver已经创建了pod资源对象,但它尚未被调度完成或者仍处于下载镜像的过程中
  • 运行中(Running):pod已经被调度至某节点,并且所有容器都已经被kubelet创建完成
  • 成功(Succeeded):pod中的所有容器都已经成功终止并且不会被重启
    • 失败(Failed):所有容器都已经终止,但至少有一个容器终止失败,即容器返回了非0值的退出状态
  • 未知(Unknown):apiserver无法正常获取到pod对象的状态信息,通常由网络通信失败所导致

4.3.1 创建和终止

pod的创建过程

  1. 用户通过kubectl或其他api客户端提交需要创建的pod信息给apiServer
  2. apiServer开始生成pod对象的信息,并将信息存入etcd,然后返回确认信息至客户端
  3. apiServer开始反映etcd中的pod对象的变化,其它组件使用watch机制来跟踪检查apiServer上的变动
  4. scheduler发现有新的pod对象要创建,开始为Pod分配主机并将结果信息更新至apiServer
  5. node节点上的kubelet发现有pod调度过来,尝试调用docker启动容器,并将结果回送至apiServer
  6. apiServer将接收到的pod状态信息存入etcd中

在这里插入图片描述

pod的终止过程

  1. 用户向apiServer发送删除pod对象的命令
  2. apiServcer中的pod对象信息会随着时间的推移而更新,在宽限期内(默认30s),pod被视为dead
  3. 将pod标记为terminating状态
  4. kubelet在监控到pod对象转为terminating状态的同时启动pod关闭过程
  5. 端点控制器监控到pod对象的关闭行为时将其从所有匹配到此端点的service资源的端点列表中移除
  6. 如果当前pod对象定义了preStop钩子处理器,则在其标记为terminating后即会以同步的方式启动执行
  7. pod对象中的容器进程收到停止信号
  8. 宽限期结束后,若pod中还存在仍在运行的进程,那么pod对象会收到立即终止的信号
  9. kubelet请求apiServer将此pod资源的宽限期设置为0从而完成删除操作,此时pod对于用户已不可见

4.3.2 初始化容器

初始化容器是在pod的主容器启动之前要运行的容器,主要是做一些主容器的前置工作,它具有两大特征:

  1. 初始化容器必须运行完成直至结束,若某初始化容器运行失败,那么kubernetes需要重启它直到成功完成
  2. 初始化容器必须按照定义的顺序执行,当且仅当前一个成功之后,后面的一个才能运行

初始化容器有很多的应用场景,下面列出的是最常见的几个:

  • 提供主容器镜像中不具备的工具程序或自定义代码
  • 初始化容器要先于应用容器串行启动并运行完成,因此可用于延后应用容器的启动直至其依赖的条件得到满足

接下来做一个案例,模拟下面这个需求:

假设要以主容器来运行nginx,但是要求在运行nginx之前先要能够连接上mysql和redis所在服务器

为了简化测试,事先规定好mysql(192.168.192.10)和redis(192.168.192.11)服务器的地址

创建pod-initcontainer.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-initcontainer
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: pod-initcontainer-containers
    image: nginx:1.24.0
  initContainers:
  - name: test-mysql
    image: busybox:1.30
    command: ['sh','-c','until ping 10.10.10.155 -c 1 ; do echo waiting for mysql...; sleep 2; done;']
  - name: test-redis
    image: busybox:1.30
    command: ['sh','-c','until ping 10.10.10.156 -c 1 ; do echo waiting for mysql...; sleep 2; done;']

# 创建pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-initcontainer.yaml 
pod/pod-initcontainer created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-initcontainer.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS     RESTARTS   AGE
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          8s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          12s

# 查看pod状态
# 发现pod卡在启动第一个初始化容器过程中,后面的容器不会运行
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-initcontainer.yaml
........
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age    From               Message
  ----    ------     ----   ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  4m1s   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-initcontainer to k8s-node2
  Normal  Pulling    4m11s  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.30"
  Normal  Pulled     4m1s   kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.30" in 10.688s (10.688s including waiting)
  Normal  Created    4m1s   kubelet            Created container test-mysql
  Normal  Started    4m     kubelet            Started container test-mysql
  
# 动态查看pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-initcontainer.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS     RESTARTS   AGE
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          8s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          12s

# 添加
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr show ens32
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:06:a1:28 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.10.10.148/24 brd 10.10.10.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe06:a128/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.155/24 dev ens32
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr show ens32
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:06:a1:28 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.10.10.148/24 brd 10.10.10.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.10.10.155/24 scope global secondary ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe06:a128/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@k8s-master ~]# 


# 这时查看,看到有一个容器(test-mysql)已经初始化成功
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-initcontainer.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS     RESTARTS   AGE
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          8s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          12s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:1/2   0          6m39s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:1/2   0          6m40s


# 查看创建状态
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-initcontainer.yaml
......
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age    From               Message
  ----    ------     ----   ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  7m24s  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-initcontainer to k8s-node2
  Normal  Pulling    7m33s  kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.30"
  Normal  Pulled     7m23s  kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.30" in 10.688s (10.688s including waiting)
  Normal  Created    7m23s  kubelet            Created container test-mysql
  Normal  Started    7m22s  kubelet            Started container test-mysql
  Normal  Pulled     56s    kubelet            Container image "busybox:1.30" already present on machine
  Normal  Created    56s    kubelet            Created container test-redis
  Normal  Started    55s    kubelet            Started container test-redis
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# Normal Scheduled 9m39s default-scheduler为k8s-node2成功分配dev/pod-initcontainer
# kubelet容器映像“busybox:1.30”已经存在于机器上
# kubelet创建容器test-mysql
# 正常启动9m38s kubelet启动容器test-mysql
# kubelet容器映像“busybox:1.30”已经存在于机器上

[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr show ens32
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:06:a1:28 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.10.10.148/24 brd 10.10.10.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.10.10.155/24 scope global secondary ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe06:a128/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr add 10.10.10.156/24 dev ens32
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# ip addr show ens32
2: ens32: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:06:a1:28 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.10.10.148/24 brd 10.10.10.255 scope global noprefixroute ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.10.10.155/24 scope global secondary ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.10.10.156/24 scope global secondary ens32
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe06:a128/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-initcontainer.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS     RESTARTS   AGE
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          8s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:0/2   0          12s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:1/2   0          6m39s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     Init:1/2   0          6m40s
pod-initcontainer   0/1     PodInitializing   0          9m42s
pod-initcontainer   1/1     Running           0          9m43s


# 初始化容器好才能启动nginx-initcontainer
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-initcontainer.yaml 
......
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age    From               Message
  ----    ------     ----   ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  10m    default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-initcontainer to k8s-node2
  Normal  Pulling    10m    kubelet            Pulling image "busybox:1.30"
  Normal  Pulled     10m    kubelet            Successfully pulled image "busybox:1.30" in 10.688s (10.688s including waiting)
  Normal  Created    10m    kubelet            Created container test-mysql
  Normal  Started    10m    kubelet            Started container test-mysql
  Normal  Pulled     3m57s  kubelet            Container image "busybox:1.30" already present on machine
  Normal  Created    3m57s  kubelet            Created container test-redis
  Normal  Started    3m56s  kubelet            Started container test-redis
  Normal  Pulled     53s    kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.24.0" already present on machine
  Normal  Created    53s    kubelet            Created container pod-initcontainer-containers
  Normal  Started    53s    kubelet            Started container pod-initcontainer-containers

4.3.3 钩子函数

钩子函数能够感知自身生命周期中的事件,并在相应的时刻到来时运行用户指定的程序代码。

kubernetes在主容器的启动之后和停止之前提供了两个钩子函数:

  • post start:容器创建之后执行,如果失败了会重启容器
  • pre stop :容器终止之前执行,执行完成之后容器将成功终止,在其完成之前会阻塞删除容器的操作

钩子处理器支持使用下面三种方式定义动作:

  • Exec命令:在容器内执行一次命令

    ……
    lifecycle:
      postStart: 
        exec:
          command:
          - cat
          - /tmp/healthy
    ……
    
  • TCPSocket:在当前容器尝试访问指定的socket

    ……      
    lifecycle:
      postStart:
        tcpSocket:
          port: 8080
    ……
    
  • HTTPGet:在当前容器中向某url发起http请求

    ……
    lifecycle:
      postStart:
        httpGet:
          path: / #URI地址
          port: 80 #端口号
          host: 192.168.5.3 #主机地址
          scheme: HTTP #支持的协议,http或者https
    ……
    

接下来,以exec方式为例,演示下钩子函数的使用,创建pod-hook-exec.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-hook-exec
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-containers
    image: nginx:1.25.1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    lifecycle:
      postStart:
        exec:  # 在容器启动的时候执行一个命令,修改掉nginx的默认首页内容
          command: ["/bin/sh","-c","echo 我是靓仔 > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html"]
      preStop:
        exec:  # 在容器停止之前停止nginx服务
          command: ["/usr/sbin/nginx/","-s","quit"]
# 创建pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-hook-exec.yaml 
pod/pod-hook-exec created

# 查看pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-hook-exec.yaml -o wide
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-hook-exec   1/1     Running   0          12s   10.244.2.41   k8s-node2   <none>           <none>

# 访问pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# curl 10.244.2.41
我是靓仔
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

4.3.4 容器探测

容器探测用于检测容器中的应用实例是否正常工作,是保障业务可用性的一种传统机制。如果经过探测,实例的状态不符合预期,那么kubernetes就会把该问题实例" 摘除 ",不承担业务流量。kubernetes提供了两种探针来实现容器探测,分别是:

  • liveness probes:存活性探针,用于检测应用实例当前是否处于正常运行状态,如果不是,k8s会重启容器
  • readiness probes:就绪性探针,用于检测应用实例当前是否可以接收请求,如果不能,k8s不会转发流量

livenessProbe 决定是否重启容器,readinessProbe 决定是否将请求转发给容器。

上面两种探针目前均支持三种探测方式:

  • Exec命令:在容器内执行一次命令,如果命令执行的退出码为0,则认为程序正常,否则不正常

    ……
    livenessProbe:
      exec:
        command:
        - cat
        - /tmp/healthy
    ……
    
  • TCPSocket:将会尝试访问一个用户容器的端口,如果能够建立这条连接,则认为程序正常,否则不正常

    ……      
    livenessProbe:
      tcpSocket:
        port: 8080
    ……
    
  • HTTPGet:调用容器内Web应用的URL,如果返回的状态码在200和399之间,则认为程序正常,否则不正常

    ……
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        path: / #URI地址
        port: 80 #端口号
        host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址
        scheme: HTTP #支持的协议,http或者https
    ……
    

下面以liveness probes为例,做几个演示:

方式一:Exec

创建pod-liveness-exec.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-liveness-exec
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: liveness-exec-container
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    livenessProbe:
      exec:
        command: ['/bin/cat','/tmp/Agan.txt']  # 执行一个查看文件的命令

创建pod,观察效果

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-liveness-exec.yaml 
pod/pod-liveness-exec created

# 查看Pod详情
[root@k8s-master practice]# kubectl describe pod pod-liveness-exec -n dev
......
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                From               Message
  ----     ------     ----               ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  21s                default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-liveness-exec to k8s-node2
  Normal   Pulled     31s                kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.24.0" already present on machine
  Normal   Created    31s                kubelet            Created container liveness-exec-container
  Normal   Started    31s                kubelet            Started container liveness-exec-container
  Warning  Unhealthy  11s (x2 over 21s)  kubelet            Liveness probe failed: /bin/cat: /tmp/Agan.txt: No such file or directory

  
#将dev/pod- activity -exec成功分配给k8s-node2
#kubelet容器映像“nginx:1.24.0”已经存在于机器上
#kubelet创建容器nginx- activity -exec-containers
#正常启动15秒(x3超过75秒)kubelet启动容器nginx- activity -exe -containers
#正常杀戮15秒(x2超过45秒)kubelet容器nginx-活体-执行-容器活体探测失败,将重新启动
#警告不健康5s (x7超过65s) kubelet live探测失败:/usr/bin/cat: /tmp/ again .txt:没有这样的文件或目录 

# 目录:/tmp 下没有Agan.txt 这个文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec pod-liveness-exec -itn dev -c liveness-exec-container -- /bin/sh
# ls /tmp
# exit


# 观察上面的信息就会发现nginx容器启动之后就进行了健康检查
# 检查失败之后,容器被kill掉,然后尝试进行重启(这是重启策略的作用,后面讲解)
# 稍等一会之后,再观察pod信息,就可以看到 RESTARTS 不再是0,而是一直增长
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-liveness-exec.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   0          5s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   1 (11s ago)   32s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   2 (10s ago)   61s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   3 (11s ago)   92s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   4 (11s ago)   2m2s
pod-liveness-exec   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   4 (10s ago)   2m31s


# 当然接下来,可以创建文件:/tmp/Agan.txt,再试,结果就正常了......
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl exec pod-liveness-exec -itn dev -c liveness-exec-container -- /bin/sh
# touch /tmp/Agan.txt
# 
# ls /tmp/      
Agan.txt
# 


# 文件:Agan.txt 存在之后 RESTARTS 就会正常了
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-liveness-exec.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   0          5s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   1 (11s ago)   32s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   2 (10s ago)   61s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   3 (11s ago)   92s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running   4 (11s ago)   2m2s
pod-liveness-exec   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   4 (10s ago)   2m31s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running            5 (53s ago)   3m14s
pod-liveness-exec   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   5 (10s ago)   3m41s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running            6 (96s ago)   5m7s
pod-liveness-exec   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   6 (10s ago)   5m31s
pod-liveness-exec   1/1     Running            7 (2m54s ago)   8m15s

方式二:TCPSocket

创建pod-liveness-tcpsocket.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-liveness-tcpsocket
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-container
    image: nginx:1.25.1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
      protocol: "TCP"
    livenessProbe:
      tcpSocket:
        port: 8080 # 尝试访问8080端口

创建pod,观察效果

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-liveness-tcpsocket.yaml 
pod/pod-liveness-tcpsocket created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-liveness-tcpsocket.yaml -w
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   0          5s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   1 (11s ago)   31s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   2 (11s ago)   61s


# 查看Pod详情
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-liveness-tcpsocket.yaml 
......
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                   From               Message
  ----     ------     ----                  ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  26m                   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-liveness-tcpsocket to k8s-node2
  Normal   Created    25m (x4 over 26m)     kubelet            Created container liveness-socket-containers
  Normal   Started    25m (x4 over 26m)     kubelet            Started container liveness-socket-containers
  Normal   Killing    25m (x3 over 26m)     kubelet            Container liveness-socket-containers failed liveness probe, will be restarted
  Warning  Unhealthy  25m (x10 over 26m)    kubelet            Liveness probe failed: dial tcp 10.244.2.45:8080: connect: connection refused
  Warning  BackOff    6m55s (x70 over 24m)  kubelet            Back-off restarting failed container liveness-socket-containers in pod pod-liveness-tcpsocket_dev(f0f5be30-b888-4583-bddd-25addbaead14)
  Normal   Pulled     116s (x13 over 26m)   kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.24.0" already present on machine


  
# 观察上面的信息,发现尝试访问8080端口,但是失败了
# 稍等一会之后,再观察pod信息,就可以看到RESTARTS不再是0,而是一直增长
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-liveness-tcpsocket.yaml -w
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   0          5s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   1 (11s ago)   31s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   2 (11s ago)   61s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   3 (11s ago)   91s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running   4 (11s ago)   2m1s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   4 (11s ago)   2m31s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            5 (64s ago)   3m24s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            6 (11s ago)   3m51s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   6 (11s ago)   4m21s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            7 (3m4s ago)   7m14s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   7 (10s ago)    7m40s
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            8 (5m20s ago)   12m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            9 (10s ago)     13m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   9 (11s ago)     13m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            10 (5m13s ago)   18m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            11 (11s ago)     19m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   0/1     CrashLoopBackOff   11 (10s ago)     19m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            12 (5m22s ago)   25m
pod-liveness-tcpsocket   1/1     Running            13 (11s ago)     25m

# 当然接下来,可以修改成一个可以访问的端口,比如80,再试,结果就正常了......

方式三:HTTPGet

创建pod-liveness-httpget.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-liveness-httpget
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx
    ports:
    - name: nginx-port
      containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:  # 其实就是访问http://127.0.0.1:80/hello  
        scheme: HTTP #支持的协议,http或者https
        port: 80 #端口号
        path: / #URI地址

创建pod,观察效果

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-liveness-httpget.yaml
pod/pod-liveness-httpget created
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-liveness-httpget.yaml -w
NAME                   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-liveness-httpget   1/1     Running   0          6s


# 查看Pod详情
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-liveness-httpget.yaml 
.......
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  29s   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-liveness-httpget to k8s-node2
  Normal  Pulling    39s   kubelet            Pulling image "nginx"
  Normal  Pulled     36s   kubelet            Successfully pulled image "nginx" in 2.408s (2.408s including waiting)
  Normal  Created    36s   kubelet            Created container liveness-httpget-containers
  Normal  Started    36s   kubelet            Started container liveness-httpget-containers

至此,已经使用liveness Probe演示了三种探测方式,但是查看livenessProbe的子属性,会发现除了这三种方式,还有一些其他的配置,在这里一并解释下:

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.livenessProbe
FIELDS:
   exec <Object>  
   tcpSocket    <Object>
   httpGet      <Object>
   initialDelaySeconds  <integer>  # 容器启动后等待多少秒执行第一次探测
   timeoutSeconds       <integer>  # 探测超时时间。默认1秒,最小1秒
   periodSeconds        <integer>  # 执行探测的频率。默认是10秒,最小1秒
   failureThreshold     <integer>  # 连续探测失败多少次才被认定为失败。默认是3。最小值是1
   successThreshold     <integer>  # 连续探测成功多少次才被认定为成功。默认是1

下面稍微配置两个,演示下效果即可:

[root@k8s-master ~]# more pod-liveness-httpget.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-liveness-httpget
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    ports:
    - name: nginx-port
      containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        scheme: HTTP
        port: 80 
        path: /
      initialDelaySeconds: 30 # 容器启动后30s开始探测
      timeoutSeconds: 5 # 探测超时时间为5s

4.3.5 重启策略

在上一节中,一旦容器探测出现了问题,kubernetes就会对容器所在的Pod进行重启,其实这是由pod的重启策略决定的,pod的重启策略有 3 种,分别如下:

  • Always :容器失效时,自动重启该容器,这也是默认值。
  • OnFailure : 容器终止运行且退出码不为0时重启
  • Never : 不论状态为何,都不重启该容器

重启策略适用于pod对象中的所有容器,首次需要重启的容器,将在其需要时立即进行重启,随后再次需要重启的操作将由kubelet延迟一段时间后进行,且反复的重启操作的延迟时长以此为10s、20s、40s、80s、160s和300s,300s是最大延迟时长。

创建pod-restartpolicy.yaml:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-restartpolicy
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    ports:
    - name: nginx-port
      containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpGet:
        scheme: HTTP
        port: 80
        path: /hello
  restartPolicy: Never # 设置重启策略为Never

运行Pod测试

# 创建Pod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f manifest/pod-restartpolicy.yaml 
pod/pod-restartpolicy created
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 查看Pod详情,发现nginx容器失败
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe -f manifest/pod-restartpolicy.yaml 
......
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                From               Message
  ----     ------     ----               ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  34s                default-scheduler  Successfully assigned dev/pod-restartpolicy to k8s-node2
  Normal   Pulled     44s                kubelet            Container image "nginx:1.24.0" already present on machine
  Normal   Created    44s                kubelet            Created container nginx
  Normal   Started    44s                kubelet            Started container nginx
  Warning  Unhealthy  14s (x3 over 34s)  kubelet            Liveness probe failed: HTTP probe failed with statuscode: 404
  Normal   Killing    14s                kubelet            Stopping container nginx
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

  
#Normal Scheduled 11s default-scheduler为k8s-node1成功分配dev/pod-restartpolicy
#kubelet容器镜像“nginx:1.25.1”已经存在于机器上
#正常创建10s kubelet创建容器nginx-restartpolicy-container
#正常启动10s kubelet启动容器nginx-restartpolicy-container
#kubelet live探测失败:HTTP探测失败,状态码:404
  
  
# 多等一会,再观察pod的重启次数,发现一直是0,并未重启   
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f  pod-restartpolicy.yaml -w
NAME                READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
pod-restartpolicy   1/1     Running             0          1s
pod-restartpolicy   0/1     Completed           0          32s
pod-restartpolicy   0/1     Completed           0          33s
pod-restartpolicy   0/1     Completed           0          34s

4.4 Pod调度

在默认情况下,一个Pod在哪个Node节点上运行,是由Scheduler组件采用相应的算法计算出来的,这个过程是不受人工控制的。但是在实际使用中,这并不满足的需求,因为很多情况下,我们想控制某些Pod到达某些节点上,那么应该怎么做呢?这就要求了解kubernetes对Pod的调度规则,kubernetes提供了四大类调度方式:

  • 自动调度:运行在哪个节点上完全由Scheduler经过一系列的算法计算得出
  • 定向调度:NodeName、NodeSelector
  • 亲和性调度:NodeAffinity、PodAffinity、PodAntiAffinity
  • 污点(容忍)调度:Taints、Toleration

4.4.1 定向调度

定向调度,指的是利用在pod上声明nodeName或者nodeSelector,以此将Pod调度到期望的node节点上。注意,这里的调度是强制的,这就意味着即使要调度的目标Node不存在,也会向上面进行调度,只不过pod运行失败而已。

NodeName

NodeName用于强制约束将Pod调度到指定的Name的Node节点上。这种方式,其实是直接跳过Scheduler的调度逻辑,直接将Pod调度到指定名称的节点。

kubectl explain pod.spec.nodeName

接下来,实验一下:创建一个pod-nodename.yaml文件

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodename
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-nodename-container
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
      protocol: "TCP"
  nodeName: k8s-node2  # 指定调度到k8s-node2节点上
#创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodename.yaml
pod/pod-nodename created

#查看Pod调度到NODE属性,确实是调度到了 k8s-node1节点上
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-nodename.yaml -o wide
NAME           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-nodename   1/1     Running   0          3m51s   10.244.2.54   k8s-node2   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 


# 接下来,删除pod,修改nodeName的值为node3(并没有node3节点)
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl delete -f pod-nodename.yaml 
pod "pod-nodename" deleted
[root@k8s-master manifest]# vim pod-nodename.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodename
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-nodename-container
    image: nginx:1.24.0
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
      protocol: "TCP"
  nodeName: k8s-node3  # 修改为: k8s-node3
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodename.yaml 
pod/pod-nodename created

#再次查看,发现已经向k8s-node3节点调度,但是由于不存在 k8s-node3节点,所以pod无法正常运行
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-nodename.yaml -o wide
NAME           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP       NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-nodename   0/1     Pending   0          7s    <none>   k8s-node3   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]#        

NodeSelector

NodeSelector用于将pod调度到添加了指定标签的node节点上。它是通过kubernetes的label-selector机制实现的,也就是说,在pod创建之前,会由scheduler使用MatchNodeSelector调度策略进行label匹配,找出目标node,然后将pod调度到目标节点,该匹配规则是强制约束。

接下来,实验一下:

kubectl explain pod.spec.nodeSelector

1 首先分别为node节点添加标签

# 查看node节点标签
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes --show-labels
NAME         STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION   LABELS
k8s-master   Ready    control-plane   14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-master,kubernetes.io/os=linux,node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane=,node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers=
k8s-node1    Ready    <none>          14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node1,kubernetes.io/os=linux
k8s-node2    Ready    <none>          14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node2,kubernetes.io/os=linux
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 打标签
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl label nodes k8s-node1 nodeenv=node1
node/k8s-node1 labeled
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl label nodes k8s-node2 nodeenv=node2
node/k8s-node2 labeled
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes --show-labels
NAME         STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION   LABELS
k8s-master   Ready    control-plane   14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-master,kubernetes.io/os=linux,node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane=,node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers=
k8s-node1    Ready    <none>          14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node1,kubernetes.io/os=linux,nodeenv=node1
k8s-node2    Ready    <none>          14d   v1.28.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=k8s-node2,kubernetes.io/os=linux,nodeenv=node2
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# i:表示不区分大小写,A6:表示从labels 向下匹配4行,B6:表示向上匹配6行。
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get nodes k8s-node1 -o yaml | grep -iA6 label
  labels:
    beta.kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
    kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    kubernetes.io/hostname: k8s-node1
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
    nodeenv: node1
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

2 创建一个pod-nodeselector.yaml文件,并使用它创建Pod

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodeselector
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-nodeselector-container
    image: nginx:1.25.1
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
  nodeSelector:
    nodeenv: node2  # 指定调度到具有nodeenv=node2标签的节点上
#创建Pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodeselector.yaml 
pod/pod-nodeselector created


#查看Pod调度到NODE属性,确实是调度到了 k8s-node2 节点上
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-nodeselector.yaml -o wide -w
NAME               READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE   IP       NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-nodeselector   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          11s   <none>   k8s-node2   <none>           <none>
pod-nodeselector   1/1     Running             0          17s   10.244.2.55   k8s-node2   <none>           <none>

# 接下来,删除pod,修改nodeSelector的值为nodeenv: Agan(不存在打有此标签的节点)
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl delete -f pod-nodeselector.yaml 
pod "pod-nodeselector" deleted
[root@k8s-master manifest]# vim pod-nodeselector.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodeselector
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-nodeselector-container
    image: nginx:1.25.1
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
  nodeSelector:
    nodeenv: Agan  # 这个标签是不存在的
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl create -f pod-nodeselector.yaml 
pod/pod-nodeselector created

#再次查看,发现pod无法正常运行,Node的值为none
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod pod-nodeselector -n dev -o wide
NAME               READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP       NODE    
pod-nodeselector   0/1     Pending   0          15s   <none>   <none> 

# 查看详情,发现node selector匹配失败的提示
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-nodeselector.yaml
.......
Events:
  Type     Reason            Age   From               Message
  ----     ------            ----  ----               -------
  Warning  FailedScheduling  53s   default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane: }, 2 node(s) didn't match Pod's node affinity/selector. preemption: 0/3 nodes are available: 3 Preemption is not helpful for scheduling..
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 

4.4.2 亲和性调度

上一节,介绍了两种定向调度的方式,使用起来非常方便,但是也有一定的问题,那就是如果没有满足条件的Node,那么Pod将不会被运行,即使在集群中还有可用Node列表也不行,这就限制了它的使用场景。

基于上面的问题,kubernetes还提供了一种亲和性调度(Affinity)。它在NodeSelector的基础之上的进行了扩展,可以通过配置的形式,实现优先选择满足条件的Node进行调度,如果没有,也可以调度到不满足条件的节点上,使调度更加灵活。

Affinity主要分为三类:

  • nodeAffinity(node亲和性): 以node为目标,解决pod可以调度到哪些node的问题
  • podAffinity(pod亲和性) : 以pod为目标,解决pod可以和哪些已存在的pod部署在同一个拓扑域中的问题
  • podAntiAffinity(pod反亲和性) : 以pod为目标,解决pod不能和哪些已存在pod部署在同一个拓扑域中的问题

关于亲和性(反亲和性)使用场景的说明:

亲和性:如果两个应用频繁交互,那就有必要利用亲和性让两个应用的尽可能的靠近,这样可以减少因网络通信而带来的性能损耗。

反亲和性:当应用的采用多副本部署时,有必要采用反亲和性让各个应用实例打散分布在各个node上,这样可以提高服务的高可用性。

NodeAffinity

首先来看一下NodeAffinity的可配置项:

pod.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity
  requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution  Node节点必须满足指定的所有规则才可以,相当于硬限制
    nodeSelectorTerms  节点选择列表
      matchFields   按节点字段列出的节点选择器要求列表
      matchExpressions   按节点标签列出的节点选择器要求列表(推荐)
        key    键
        values 值
        operator 关系符 支持Exists, DoesNotExist, In, NotIn, Gt, Lt
  preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution 优先调度到满足指定的规则的Node,相当于软限制 (倾向)
    preference   一个节点选择器项,与相应的权重相关联
      matchFields   按节点字段列出的节点选择器要求列表
      matchExpressions   按节点标签列出的节点选择器要求列表(推荐)
        key    键
        values 值
        operator 关系符 支持In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist, Gt, Lt
    weight 倾向权重,在范围1-100。
关系符的使用说明:

- matchExpressions:
  - key: nodeenv              # 匹配存在标签的key为nodeenv的节点
    operator: Exists
  - key: nodeenv              # 匹配标签的key为nodeenv,且value是"xxx"或"yyy"的节点
    operator: In
    values: ["xxx","yyy"]
  - key: nodeenv              # 匹配标签的key为nodeenv,且value大于"xxx"的节点
    operator: Gt
    values: "数字"

接下来首先演示一下requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution ,

创建 pod-nodeaffinity-required.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodeaffinity-required
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  affinity:  #亲和性设置
    nodeAffinity: #设置node亲和性
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: # 硬限制
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions: # 匹配env的值在["Agan","xxx"]中的标签
          - key: nodeenv
            operator: In
            values: ["Agan","xxx"]
# 创建pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodeaffinity-required.yaml 
pod/pod-nodeaffinity-required created

# 查看pod状态 (运行失败)
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod pod-nodeaffinity-required -n dev -o wide
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP       NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-nodeaffinity-required   0/1     Pending   0          112s   <none>   <none>   <none>           <none>


# 查看Pod的详情
# 发现调度失败,提示节点与Pod的节点关联/选择器不匹配。
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe pod pod-nodeaffinity-required -n dev
......
  Warning  FailedScheduling  2m23s  default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane: }, 3 node(s) didn't match Pod's node affinity/selector. preemption: 0/3 nodes are available: 3 Preemption is not helpful for scheduling..


[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get node k8s-node1  -o yaml  
apiVersion: v1
kind: Node
metadata:
......
  labels:   # 查看没有 Agan 这个标签
    beta.kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
    kubernetes.io/arch: amd64
    kubernetes.io/hostname: k8s-node1
    kubernetes.io/os: linux
    nodeenv: node1
  name: k8s-node1
......
spec:
......

#接下来,停止pod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-nodeaffinity-required.yaml
pod "pod-nodeaffinity-required" deleted

# 修改文件,将values: ["Agan","xxx"]------> ["node1","xxx"]
[root@k8s-master manifest]# vim pod-nodeaffinity-required.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodeaffinity-required
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-nodeaffinity-required-container
    image: nginx:1.25.1
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
      name: nginx-port
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
        - matchExpressions:
          - key: nodeenv
            operator: In
            values: ["node1","xxx"]

# 再次启动
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl create -f pod-nodeaffinity-required.yaml 
pod/pod-nodeaffinity-required created

# 此时查看,发现调度成功,已经将pod调度到了node1上
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod pod-nodeaffinity-required -n dev -o wide
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE  ...... 
pod-nodeaffinity-required   1/1     Running   0          98s   10.244.1.57   k8s-node1 ......

接下来再演示一下preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution ,

创建pod-nodeaffinity-preferred.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-nodeaffinity-preferred
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.17.1
  affinity:  #亲和性设置
    nodeAffinity: #设置node亲和性
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: # 软限制
      - weight: 1
        preference:
          matchExpressions: # 匹配nodeenv的值在["xxx","yyy"]中的标签(当前环境没有)
          - key: nodeenv
            operator: In
            values: ["xxx","yyy"]
# 创建pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodeaffinity-preferred.yaml 
pod/pod-nodeaffinity-preferred created


# 查看pod状态 (运行成功)# 软连接就算没有匹配的标签也会运行Pod,硬链接就不会运行。
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-nodeaffinity-preferred.yaml -o wide
NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-nodeaffinity-preferred   1/1     Running   0          7s    10.244.2.56   k8s-node2   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 
NodeAffinity规则设置的注意事项:
    1 如果同时定义了nodeSelector和nodeAffinity,那么必须两个条件都得到满足,Pod才能运行在指定的Node上
    2 如果nodeAffinity指定了多个nodeSelectorTerms,那么只需要其中一个能够匹配成功即可
    3 如果一个nodeSelectorTerms中有多个matchExpressions ,则一个节点必须满足所有的才能匹配成功
    4 如果一个pod所在的Node在Pod运行期间其标签发生了改变,不再符合该Pod的节点亲和性需求,则系统将忽略此变化

PodAffinity

PodAffinity主要实现以运行的Pod为参照,实现让新创建的Pod跟参照pod在一个区域的功能。

首先来看一下PodAffinity的可配置项:

pod.spec.affinity.podAffinity
  requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution  硬限制
    namespaces       指定参照pod的namespace
    topologyKey      指定调度作用域
    labelSelector    标签选择器
      matchExpressions  按节点标签列出的节点选择器要求列表(推荐)
        key    键
        values 值
        operator 关系符 支持In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist.
      matchLabels    指多个matchExpressions映射的内容
  preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution 软限制
    podAffinityTerm  选项
      namespaces      
      topologyKey
      labelSelector
        matchExpressions  
          key    键
          values 值
          operator
        matchLabels 
    weight 倾向权重,在范围1-100
topologyKey用于指定调度时作用域,例如:
    如果指定为kubernetes.io/hostname,那就是以Node节点为区分范围
    如果指定为beta.kubernetes.io/os,则以Node节点的操作系统类型来区分

接下来,演示下requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution,

1)首先创建一个参照Pod,pod-podaffinity-target.yaml:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-podaffinity-target
  namespace: dev
  labels:
    podenv: pod-node1  # 设置标签
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  nodeName: k8s-node1  # 将目标pod名确指定到k8s-node1上
# 启动目标pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-podaffinity-target.yaml 
pod/pod-podaffinity-target created

# 查看pod状况
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-podaffinity-target.yaml 
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-podaffinity-target   1/1     Running   0          4s

2)创建pod-podaffinity-required.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-podaffinity-required
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  affinity:  #亲和性设置
    podAffinity: #设置pod亲和性
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: # 硬限制
      - labelSelector:
          matchExpressions: # 匹配env的值在["xxx","yyy"]中的标签
          - key: nodeenv  
            operator: In
            values: ["xxx","yyy"]
        topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

上面配置表达的意思是:新Pod必须要与拥有标签nodeenv=xxx或者nodeenv=yyy的pod在同一Node上,显然现在没有这样pod,接下来,运行测试一下。

# 启动pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml 
pod/pod-podaffinity-required created

# 查看pod状态,发现未运行
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml -o wide
NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP       NODE     NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-podaffinity-required   0/1     Pending   0          8s    <none>   <none>   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 


# 查看详细信息
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl describe -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml
......
Events:
  Type     Reason            Age   From               Message
  ----     ------            ----  ----               -------
  Warning  FailedScheduling  39s   default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane: }, 2 node(s) didn't match pod affinity rules. preemption: 0/3 nodes are available: 3 Preemption is not helpful for scheduling..
  
# 然后重新创建pod,查看效果
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl delete -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml
pod "pod-podaffinity-required" deleted

# 接下来修改  values: ["xxx","yyy"]----->values:["node1","yyy"]
# 意思是:新Pod必须要与拥有标签nodeenv=xxx或者nodeenv=yyy的pod在同一Node上
[root@k8s-master manifest]# vim pod-podaffinity-repuired.yaml  
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-podaffinity-repuired
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-podaffinity-repuired
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  affinity:
    podAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - labelSelector:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: podenv  # 修改为podenv
            operator: In
            values: ["pod-node1","yyy"]  # 修改xxx 为pod-node1
        topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname


[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml 
pod/pod-podaffinity-required created

# 发现此时Pod运行正常
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-podaffinity-required.yaml -o wide
NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod-podaffinity-required   1/1     Running   0          10s   10.244.1.65   k8s-node1   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master manifest]#

关于PodAffinitypreferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution,这里不再演示。

PodAntiAffinity

PodAntiAffinity主要实现以运行的Pod为参照,让新创建的Pod跟参照pod不在一个区域中的功能。

它的配置方式和选项跟PodAffinty是一样的,这里不再做详细解释,直接做一个测试案例。

1)继续使用上个案例中目标pod

[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get pod -n dev --show-labels
NAME                         READY   STATUS             RESTARTS          AGE     LABELS
pod-podaffinity-required     1/1     Running            0                 10m     <none>
pod-podaffinity-target       1/1     Running            0                 12m     podenv=pod-node1

2)创建pod-podantiaffinity-required.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-podantiaffinity-required
  namespace: dev
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx-containers
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  affinity:   #亲和性设置
    podAntiAffinity:  #设置pod亲和性为:反亲和性
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:  # 硬限制
      - labelSelector:
          matchExpressions:  # 匹配podenv的值在["pod-node1"]中的标签
          - key: podenv
            operator: In
            values:
            - pod-node1
        topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

上面配置表达的意思是:新Pod必须要与拥有标签nodeenv=node1的pod不在同一Node上,运行测试一下。

# 创建pod
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl apply -f pod-podantiaffinity-required.yaml 
pod/pod-podantiaffinity-required created


# 查看pod
# 发现调度到了node2上
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get -f pod-podantiaffinity-required.yaml -o wide
NAME                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        ...
pod-podantiaffinity-required   1/1     Running   0          8s    10.244.2.57   k8s-node2   ...
[root@k8s-master manifest]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev -o wide
NAME                           READY   STATUS             RESTARTS          AGE     IP            NODE       ...
pod-podaffinity-required       1/1     Running            0                 20m     10.244.1.65   k8s-node1  ...
pod-podaffinity-target         1/1     Running            0                 22m     10.244.1.64   k8s-node1  ...
pod-podantiaffinity-required   1/1     Running            0                 3m31s   10.244.2.57   k8s-node2  ...
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

4.4.3 污点和容忍

污点(Taints)

前面的调度方式都是站在Pod的角度上,通过在Pod上添加属性,来确定Pod是否要调度到指定的Node上,其实我们也可以站在Node的角度上,通过在Node上添加污点属性,来决定是否允许Pod调度过来。

Node被设置上污点之后就和Pod之间存在了一种相斥的关系,进而拒绝Pod调度进来,甚至可以将已经存在的Pod驱逐出去。

污点的格式为:key=value:effect, key和value是污点的标签,effect描述污点的作用,支持如下三个选项:

  • PreferNoSchedule:kubernetes将尽量避免把Pod调度到具有该污点的Node上,除非没有其他节点可调度
  • NoSchedule:kubernetes将不会把Pod调度到具有该污点的Node上,但不会影响当前Node上已存在的Pod
  • NoExecute:kubernetes将不会把Pod调度到具有该污点的Node上,同时也会将Node上已存在的Pod驱离

在这里插入图片描述

使用kubectl设置和去除污点的命令示例如下:

# 设置污点
kubectl taint nodes k8s-node1 key=value:effect

# 去除污点
kubectl taint nodes k8s-node1 key:effect-

# 去除所有污点
kubectl taint nodes k8s-node1 key-

接下来,演示下污点的效果:

  1. 准备节点k8s-node1(为了演示效果更加明显,暂时停止k8s-node2节点)
  2. 为k8s-node1节点设置一个污点: tag=agan:PreferNoSchedule;然后创建pod1( pod1 可以 )
  3. 修改为k8s-node1节点设置一个污点: tag=agan:NoSchedule;然后创建pod2( pod1 正常 pod2 失败 )
  4. 修改为k8s-node1节点设置一个污点: tag=gan:NoExecute;然后创建pod3 ( 3个pod都失败 )
# 为k8s-node1设置污点(PreferNoSchedule)
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 tag=agan:PreferNoSchedule
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master manifest]# kubectl get node k8s-node1 -o yaml | grep -iA3 taint
  taints:
  - effect: PreferNoSchedule
    key: tag
    value: agan
[root@k8s-master manifest]#

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl create namespace test  # 创建的pod放在test名称空间
namespace/test created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get namespace test
NAME   STATUS   AGE
test   Active   7s
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 创建pod1
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run taint01 --image=nginx:1.25.1 -n test
pod/taint01 created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n test -o wide # 因为没有可用的node节点,所以只能到k8s-node1节点上运行
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE       ...
taint01   1/1     Running   0          13s   10.244.1.66   k8s-node1  ...
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 为k8s-node1设置污点(取消PreferNoSchedule,设置NoSchedule)
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe node k8s-node1 | grep -i taint
Taints:             <none>
  test                        taint01                      0 (0%)        0 (0%)      0 (0%)           0 (0%)         6m20s
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 tag=agan:NoSchedule 
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe node k8s-node1 | grep -i taint
Taints:             tag=agan:NoSchedule
  test                        taint01                      0 (0%)        0 (0%)      0 (0%)           0 (0%)         8m1s
[root@k8s-master ~]# 


# 创建pod2
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run taint02 --image=nginx:1.25.1 -n test
pod/taint02 created
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n test -o wide
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP            NODE        ......
taint01   1/1     Running   0          9m14s   10.244.1.66   k8s-node1   ......
taint02   0/1     Pending   0          9s      <none>        <none>      ......  # 状态为:Pending
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe pod taint02 -n test
......
Events:
  Type     Reason            Age   From               Message
  ----     ------            ----  ----               -------
  Warning  FailedScheduling  72s   default-scheduler  0/3 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane: }, 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {node.kubernetes.io/unreachable: }, 1 node(s) had untolerated taint {tag: agan}. preemption: 0/3 nodes are available: 3 Preemption is not helpful for scheduling..
[root@k8s-master ~]# 



# 为node1设置污点(取消NoSchedule,设置NoExecute)
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe node k8s-node1 | grep -i taint
Taints:             tag=agan:NoSchedule
  test                        taint01                      0 (0%)        0 (0%)      0 (0%)           0 (0%)         11m
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 tag=agan:NoSchedule-
node/k8s-node1 untainted
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe node k8s-node1 | grep -i taint
Taints:             <none>
  test                        taint01                      0 (0%)        0 (0%)      0 (0%)           0 (0%)         12m
  test                        taint02                      0 (0%)        0 (0%)      0 (0%)           0 (0%)         3m10s
[root@k8s-master ~]# 


[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl taint node k8s-node1 tag=agan:NoExecute
node/k8s-node1 tainted
[root@k8s-master ~]# 


# 创建pod3
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run taint03 --image=nginx:1.25.1 -n test
pod/taint03 created
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n test -o wide
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP       ......
taint03   0/1     Pending   0          13s   <none>   ......
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 把之前的 taint01和taint02 都会驱除掉,taint03 也不会运行

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl run taint04 --image=nginx:1.25.1 -n test
pod/taint04 created
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n test -o wide
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP       ......
taint03   0/1     Pending   0          46s   <none>   ......
taint04   0/1     Pending   0          3s    <none>   ......
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
小提示:
    使用kubeadm搭建的集群,默认就会给master节点添加一个污点标记,所以pod就不会调度到master节点上.
    
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get node k8s-master -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Node
metadata:
......
  labels:
......
spec:
  podCIDR: 10.244.0.0/24
  podCIDRs:
  - 10.244.0.0/24
  taints:
  - effect: NoSchedule  # master 节点污点的位置
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane
status:
....

容忍(Toleration)

上面介绍了污点的作用,我们可以在node上添加污点用于拒绝pod调度上来,但是如果就是想将一个pod调度到一个有污点的node上去,这时候应该怎么做呢?这就要使用到容忍

在这里插入图片描述

污点就是拒绝,容忍就是忽略,Node通过污点拒绝pod调度上去,Pod通过容忍忽略拒绝

下面先通过一个案例看下效果:

  1. 上一小节,已经在node1节点上打上了NoExecute的污点,此时pod是调度不上去的
  2. 本小节,可以通过给pod添加容忍,然后将其调度上去

创建pod-toleration.yaml,内容如下

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-toleration
  namespace: test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: pod-toleration-containers
    image: nginx:1.25.1
  tolerations:      # 添加容忍
  - key: "tag"        # 要容忍的污点的key
    operator: "Equal" # 操作符
    value: "agan"    # 容忍的污点的value
    effect: "NoExecute"   # 添加容忍的规则,这里必须和标记的污点规则相同
# 添加容忍之前的pod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -n test -o wide
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP       ......
taint03   0/1     Pending   0          46s   <none>   ......
taint04   0/1     Pending   0          3s    <none>   ......
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

# 添加容忍之后的pod
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-toleration.yaml 
pod/pod-toleration created
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get -f pod-toleration.yaml -o wide
NAME             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE        ......
pod-toleration   1/1     Running   0          7s    10.244.1.68   k8s-node1   ......
[root@k8s-master ~]# 

下面看一下容忍的详细配置:

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.tolerations
......
FIELDS:
   key       # 对应着要容忍的污点的键,空意味着匹配所有的键
   value     # 对应着要容忍的污点的值
   operator  # key-value的运算符,支持Equal和Exists(默认)
   effect    # 对应污点的effect,空意味着匹配所有影响
   tolerationSeconds   # 容忍时间, 当effect为NoExecute时生效,表示pod在Node上的停留时间
...
taint03   0/1     Pending   0          46s   <none>   ......
taint04   0/1     Pending   0          3s    <none>   ......
[root@k8s-master ~]# 
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