MySQL主从

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已于 2022-08-01 09:41:59 修改

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文章标签： mysql 数据库服务器

于 2022-07-31 20:21:58 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_59004799/article/details/126089969

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文章目录

- MySQL主从

MySQL主从

1. 主从简介

在现代企业中，数据显得尤为重要，而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门，但无论是何种数据库，均存在着一种隐患。

想几个问题：

用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？
业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？

1.1 主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

一主一从
主主复制
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志）文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.244.139	centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.244.140	centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7	无数据

3.1 mysql安装

分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本,此处略过安装步骤。

3.2 mysql主从配置

3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

主库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| d                  |
| f                  |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | lisi   |
|  2 | wangwu |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

//全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//全备主库
[root@fuwuduan ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p1234 --all-databases > all-$(date '+%x%T')
[root@fuwuduan ~]# ls
all-2022年07月31日18:23:43  initial-setup-ks.cfg
anaconda-ks.cfg             mima

//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@fuwuduan ~]# scp all-20220731182343   root@192.168.244.141:/root
The authenticity of host '192.168.244.141 (192.168.244.141)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:Pm9ILFMaiEZ4s2+jy8b/uMn+qJQqadF7UviJ2O1JtKQ.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? ys^Hes^H
Please type 'yes', 'no' or the fingerprint: yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.244.141' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.244.141's password: 
all-202207311823 100%  856KB  57.6MB/s   00:00 

//解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye


//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库，确保与主库一致
[root@kehuduan ~]# mysql -uroot -p1234 < all-20220731182343 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| d                  |
| f                  |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use d;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | lisi   |
|  2 | wangwu |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'lisa'@'192.168.244.141' identified by 'lisa123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'lisa'@'192.168.244.141';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.2.3 配置主数据库

[root@fuwuduan ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 
[root@fuwuduan ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 
[root@fuwuduan ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
log-bin=mysql-bin	//启用binlog日志	
server-id=10			//数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值要比从库的小

//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 |      945 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.4 配置从数据库

[root@kehuduan ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 
[root@kehuduan ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 
[root@kehuduan ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
user = mysql
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
server-id=20 
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin

[root@kehuduan ~]# ss -antl
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q      Local Address:Port            Peer Address:Port         Process         
LISTEN   0        128               0.0.0.0:111                  0.0.0.0:*                            
LISTEN   0        32          192.168.122.1:53                   0.0.0.0:*                            
LISTEN   0        128               0.0.0.0:22                   0.0.0.0:*                            
LISTEN   0        5               127.0.0.1:631                  0.0.0.0:*                            
LISTEN   0        80                      *:3306                       *:*                            
LISTEN   0        128                  [::]:111                     [::]:*                            
LISTEN   0        128                  [::]:22                      [::]:*                            
LISTEN   0        5                   [::1]:631                     [::]:*      
//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
    -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.244.141',
    -> master_user='lisa',
    -> master_password='lisa123',
    -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',
    -> master_log_pos=945;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

//查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
                  Master_Host: 192.168.244.141
                  Master_User: lisa
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 945
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 
       Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error: 
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 945
              Relay_Log_Space: 154
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File: 
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 1130
                Last_IO_Error: error connecting to master 'lisa@192.168.244.141:3306' - retry-time: 60  retries: 1
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error: 
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 0
                  Master_UUID: 
             Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 220731 20:15:01
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                Auto_Position: 0
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                 Channel_Name: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.5 测试验证

在主服务器的d库的student表中插入数据：

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | lisi   |
|  2 | wangwu |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert student(id,name) values (3,'zhangsan');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | lisi     |
|  2 | wangwu   |
|  3 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql> use d;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | lisi     |
|  2 | wangwu   |
|  3 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use d;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | lisi     |
|  2 | wangwu   |
|  3 | zhangsan |
+----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)