map 详细说明

map是关联容器，存储由键值和映射值的组合形成的元素，并遵循特定顺序。

1、构造

std::map<char,int> first;

std::map<char,int> second (first.begin(),first.end());

std::map<char,int> third (second);

std::map<char,int> myMap = first;

示例：

void baseTest()
{
    std::map<char,int> first;
    std::map<char,int> myMap;
    first['a']=10;
    first['b']=30;
    first['c']=50;
    first['d']=70;
    myMap = first;
    std::map<char,int> second (first.begin(),first.end());
    std::map<char,int> third (second);
    std::map<char,int,classcomp> fourth;                 // class as Compare
    bool(*fn_pt)(char,char) = fncomp;
    std::map<char,int,bool(*)(char,char)> fifth (fn_pt); // function pointer as Compare

    std::cout << "first size:" << first.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "mymap size:" << first.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "second size:" << second.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "third size:" << third.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "fourth size:" << fourth.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "fifth size:" << fifth.size() << "\n";
}

运行结果：

first size:4
mymap size:4
second size:4
third size:4
fourth size:0
fifth size:0

2、Iterators

begin():返回第一个元素的迭代器

end():返回最末元素的迭代器

rbegin():返回Vector尾部的逆迭代器

rend():返回Vector起始的逆迭代器

cbegin():返回 const 的begin()

cend():返回 const 的end()

crbegin():返回 const 的 rbegin()

crend():返回 const 的 rend()

示例：

void IteratorsTest()
{
    std::map<char,int> mymap;
    mymap['b'] = 100;
    mymap['a'] = 200;
    mymap['c'] = 300;
    std::cout << "mymap:\n";
    for (std::map<char,int>::iterator it=mymap.begin(); it!=mymap.end(); ++it)
        std::cout << it->first << " => " << it->second << '\n';
    std::cout << "reserve mymap:\n";
    for (std::map<char,int>::reverse_iterator it=mymap.rbegin(); it!=mymap.rend(); ++it)
        std::cout << it->first << " => " << it->second << '\n';
}

运行结果：

mymap:
a => 200
b => 100
c => 300
reserve mymap:
c => 300
b => 100
a => 200

3、Capacity:

size(): 返回元素个数

max_size(): 返回vector最大能放元素个数

empty():容器是否为空

示例：

void CapacityTest()
{
    std::map<char,int> mymap;

    mymap['a']=10;
    mymap['b']=20;
    mymap['c']=30;
    std::cout << "mymap.size() is " << mymap.size() << '\n';
    std::cout << "mymap.max_size() is " << mymap.max_size() << '\n';
    while (!mymap.empty())
    {
        std::cout << mymap.begin()->first << " => " << mymap.begin()->second << '\n';
        mymap.erase(mymap.begin());
    }

}

运行结果：

mymap.size() is 3
mymap.max_size() is 461168601842738790
a => 10
b => 20
c => 30

4、Element access

operator[]: 同数组方式取值

at():返回第n个元素的引用

示例：

void ElementAccess()
{
    std::map<char,std::string> mymap;
    mymap['a']="an element";
    mymap['b']="another element";
    mymap['c']=mymap['b'];
    std::cout << "mymap['a'] is " << mymap['a'] << '\n';
    std::cout << "mymap['b'] is " << mymap['b'] << '\n';
    std::cout << "mymap['c'] is " << mymap['c'] << '\n';
    std::cout << "mymap['d'] is " << mymap['d'] << '\n';
    std::cout << "mymap now contains " << mymap.size() << " elements.\n";

    std::map<std::string,int> second = {
                { "alpha", 0 },
                { "beta", 0 },
                { "gamma", 0 } };

    second.at("alpha") = 10;
    second.at("beta") = 30;
    second.at("gamma") = 20;

    for (auto& x: second) {
        std::cout << x.first << ": " << x.second << '\n';
    }
}

运行结构：

mymap['a'] is an element
mymap['b'] is another element
mymap['c'] is another element
mymap['d'] is 
mymap now contains 4 elements.
alpha: 10
beta: 30
gamma: 20

5、Modifiers

insert():插入一个元素 或系列元素，返回迭代器

erase():删除某个元素或者系列元素，返回迭代器

swap():交换容器内容

clear():清楚容器内所有元素

emplace():插入一个元素，每次只能插入一个元素，而不是多个

emplace_hint():构造并插入带有提示的元素