文章目录
前言
CURD : create(创建),retrieve(读取),update(更新),delete(删除).
正文开始!!!
一、create
语法
INSERT [INTO] table_name
[(column [, column] ...)]
VALUES (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
value_list: value, [, value] ...
案例:
# 创建一张学生表
mysql> create table if not exists students(
-> id int unsigned primary key auto_increment,
-> sn int unsigned unique key not null comment '学生的学号',
-> name varchar(64) not null comment '学生的姓名',
-> qq varchar(20) unique key
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
1. 单行数据 + 全列插入
-- 插入两条记录，value_list 数量必须和定义表的列的数量及顺序一致
-- 注意，这里在插入的时候，也可以不用指定id(当然，那时候就需要明确插入数据到那些列了)，那么mysql会使用默认
的值进行自增。
mysql> insert into students values (1,61,'路飞','111@qq.com');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into students values (2,6,'索隆',null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
-- 查看插入结果
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+--------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+--------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 6 | 索隆 | NULL |
+----+----+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec
2. 多行数据 + 指定列插入
-- 插入三条记录，value_list 数量必须和指定列数量及顺序一致
mysql> insert into students (sn,name,qq) values (62,'乌索普','222@qq.com'),
-> (63,'娜美','333@qq.com'),
-> (64,'乔巴',null);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看插入结果
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 6 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 3 | 62 | 乌索普 | 222@qq.com |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. 插入冲突否则更新
由于 主键 和 唯一键 对于的值已经存在而导致插入失败
-- 主键冲突
mysql> insert into students (id,sn,name) values (1,66,'弗兰奇');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
-- 唯一键冲突
mysql> insert into students (id,sn,name) values (10,6,'弗兰奇');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '6' for key 'sn'
可以选择性的进行同步更新操作语法:
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
column = value [, column = value] ...
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 6 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 3 | 62 | 乌索普 | 222@qq.com |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into students (id,sn,name) values (2,66,'索隆') on duplicate key update sn=65,name='索隆';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 0 row affected: 表中有冲突数据，但冲突数据的值和 update 的值相等
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据，数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据，并且数据已经被更新
mysql> select ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
| 2 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 65 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 3 | 62 | 乌索普 | 222@qq.com |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- ON DUPLICATE KEY 当发生重复key的时候
4. 替换
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 没有冲突，则直接插入；
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 如果冲突，则删除后再插入
-- 主键和唯一键都冲突了
mysql> replace into students (id,sn,name) values (2,62,'索隆');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+--------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+--------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 62 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据，数据被插入
-- n row affected: 表中有冲突数据，删除后重新插入
二、retrieve
语法:
SELECT
[DISTINCT] {* | {column [, column] ...}
[FROM table_name]
[WHERE ...]
[ORDER BY column [ASC | DESC], ...]
LIMIT ...
案例:
-- 创建表结构
mysql> CREATE TABLE exam_result (
-> id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '同学姓名',
-> chinese float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '语文成绩',
-> math float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '数学成绩',
-> english float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '英语成绩'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
mysql> INSERT INTO exam_result (name, chinese, math, english) VALUES
('赖益烨', 67, 98, 56),
('郭雨妍', 87, 78, 77),
('马师傅', 88, 98, 90),
('洋妈', 82, 84, 67),
('李观洋', 55, 85, 45),
('郭昊', 70, 73, 78),
('张照洋', 75, 65, 30);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
1. select列
1.1 全列查询
-- 通常情况下不建议使用 * 进行全列查询
-- 1. 查询的列越多，意味着需要传输的数据量越大；
-- 2. 可能会影响到索引的使用。（索引待后面课程讲解）
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 87 | 78 | 77 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 55 | 85 | 45 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 75 | 65 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.2 指定列查询
-- 指定列的顺序不需要按定义表的顺序来
mysql> select name,id,math from exam_result;
+-----------+----+------+
| name | id | math |
+-----------+----+------+
| 赖益烨 | 1 | 98 |
| 郭雨妍 | 2 | 78 |
| 马师傅 | 3 | 98 |
| 洋妈 | 4 | 84 |
| 李观洋 | 5 | 85 |
| 郭昊 | 6 | 73 |
| 张照洋 | 7 | 65 |
+-----------+----+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.3 查询字段为表达式
-- 表达式不包含字段
mysql> SELECT id, name, 10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+----+
| id | name | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 10 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 10 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 10 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 10 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 10 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 10 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT id, name, 10+10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+-------+
| id | name | 10+10 |
+----+-----------+-------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 20 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 20 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 20 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 20 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 20 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 20 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 20 |
+----+-----------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,chinese+math+english from exam_result;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name | chinese+math+english |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 221 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 242 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 276 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 233 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 185 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 221 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 170 |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,chinese+50 from exam_result;
+----+-----------+------------+
| id | name | chinese+50 |
+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 117 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 137 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 138 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 132 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 105 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 120 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 125 |
+----+-----------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.4 为查询结果指定别名
语法:
SELECT column [AS] alias_name [...] FROM table_name;
mysql> select id,name,chinese+math+english 总分 from exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name | 总分 |
+----+-----------+--------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 221 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 242 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 276 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 233 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 185 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 221 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.5 结果去重
mysql> select math from exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 98 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 98分重复啦
mysql> select distinct math from exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2. where条件
比较运算符：
| 运算符 | 说明 |
| >, >=, <, <= | 大于，大于等于，小于，小于等于 |
| = | 等于，NULL 不安全，例如 NULL = NULL 的结果是 NULL |
| <=> | 等于，NULL 安全，例如 NULL <=> NULL 的结果是 TRUE(1) |
| !=, <> | 不等于 |
| BETWEEN a0 AND a1 | 范围匹配，[a0, a1]，如果 a0 <= value <= a1，返回 TRUE(1) |
| IN (option, …) | 如果是 option 中的任意一个，返回 TRUE(1) |
| IS NULL | 是 NULL |
| IS NOT NULL | 不是 NULL |
| LIKE 模糊匹配。 | % 表示任意多个（包括 0 个）任意字符；_ 表示任意一个字符 |
逻辑运算符：
| 运算符 | 说明 |
| AND | 多个条件必须都为 TRUE(1)，结果才是 TRUE(1) |
| OR | 任意一个条件为 TRUE(1), 结果为 TRUE(1) |
| NOT | 条件为 TRUE(1)，结果为 FALSE(0) |
案例：
2.1 英语不及格的同学及英语成绩 ( < 60 )
mysql> select name,english from exam_result where english<60;
+-----------+---------+
| name | english |
+-----------+---------+
| 赖益烨 | 56 |
| 李观洋 | 45 |
| 张照洋 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2 语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩
-- 使用 AND 进行条件连接
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese>=80 and chinese<=90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 郭雨妍 | 87 |
| 马师傅 | 88 |
| 洋妈 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 BETWEEN ... AND ... 条件
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese between 80 and 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 郭雨妍 | 87 |
| 马师傅 | 88 |
| 洋妈 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.3 数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
-- 使用 OR 进行条件连接
mysql> select name,math from exam_result where math=58 or math=59 or math=98 or math=99;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 赖益烨 | 98 |
| 马师傅 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用 IN 条件
mysql> select name,math from exam_result where math in (58,59,98,99);
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 赖益烨 | 98 |
| 马师傅 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.4 姓郭的同学 及 郭某同学
-- % 匹配任意多个（包括 0 个）任意字符
mysql> select name from exam_result where name like '郭%';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 郭雨妍 |
| 郭昊 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- _ 匹配严格的一个任意字符
mysql> select name from exam_result where name like '郭_';
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 郭昊 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name from exam_result where name like '郭__';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 郭雨妍 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.5 语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
-- WHERE 条件中比较运算符两侧都是字段
mysql> select name,chinese,english from exam_result where chinese>english;
+-----------+---------+---------+
| name | chinese | english |
+-----------+---------+---------+
| 赖益烨 | 67 | 56 |
| 郭雨妍 | 87 | 77 |
| 洋妈 | 82 | 67 |
| 李观洋 | 55 | 45 |
| 张照洋 | 75 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.6 总分在 200 分以下的同学
-- WHERE 条件中使用表达式
-- 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中
mysql> select name,chinese+math+english total from exam_result where chinese+math+english<200;
+-----------+-------+
| name | total |
+-----------+-------+
| 李观洋 | 185 |
| 张照洋 | 170 |
+-----------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.7 语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
-- AND 与 NOT 的使用
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result where chinese>80 and name not like '孙%';
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 郭雨妍 | 87 |
| 马师傅 | 88 |
| 洋妈 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.8 郭某同学，否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
-- 综合性查询
mysql> select *,chinese+math+english total from exam_result where (name like '郭_') or (chinese+math+english>200 and chinese<math and english>80);
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english | total |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
| 3 | 马师傅 | 88 | 98 | 90 | 276 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 221 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.9 NULL 的查询
-- 查询 students 表
mysql> select * from students where qq is null;
+----+----+--------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+--------+------+
| 2 | 62 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from students where qq<=> null;
+----+----+--------+------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+--------+------+
| 2 | 62 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
+----+----+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查询 qq 号已知的同学姓名
mysql> select * from students where qq is not null;
+----+----+--------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+--------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
+----+----+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- NULL 和 NULL 的比较，= 和 <=> 的区别
mysql> SELECT NULL = NULL, NULL = 1, NULL = 0;
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL = NULL | NULL = 1 | NULL = 0 |
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT NULL <=> NULL, NULL <=> 1, NULL <=> 0;
+---------------+------------+------------+
| NULL <=> NULL | NULL <=> 1 | NULL <=> 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如何理解mysql在当前的select执行的时候,是怎么执行的???
3. 结果排序
语法:
-- ASC 为升序（从小到大）
-- DESC 为降序（从大到小）
-- 默认为 ASC
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]
ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
注意 : 没有order by 子句的查询,返回的顺序是未定义的,永远不要依赖这个顺序!!!
案例:
3.1 同学及数学成绩，按数学成绩升序显示
mysql> select name,math from exam_result order by math asc;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 张照洋 | 65 |
| 郭昊 | 73 |
| 郭雨妍 | 78 |
| 洋妈 | 84 |
| 李观洋 | 85 |
| 赖益烨 | 98 |
| 马师傅 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2 同学及 qq 号，按 qq 号排序显示
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 62 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
| 6 | 65 | 弗兰奇 | 444@qq.com |
| 7 | 66 | 罗宾 | 555@qq.com |
| 8 | 67 | 布鲁克 | 123@qq.com |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 顺序
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小，升序出现在最上面
mysql> select name,qq from students order by qq asc;
+-----------+------------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+------------+
| 索隆 | NULL |
| 乔巴 | NULL |
| 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 布鲁克 | 123@qq.com |
| 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 弗兰奇 | 444@qq.com |
| 罗宾 | 555@qq.com |
+-----------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 逆序
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小，降序出现在最下面
mysql> select name,qq from students order by qq desc;
+-----------+------------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+------------+
| 罗宾 | 555@qq.com |
| 弗兰奇 | 444@qq.com |
| 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 布鲁克 | 123@qq.com |
| 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 索隆 | NULL |
| 乔巴 | NULL |
+-----------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.3 查询同学各门成绩，依次按 数学降序，英语升序，语文升序的方式显示
-- 多字段排序，排序优先级随书写顺序
mysql> select name,math,english,chinese from exam_result order by math desc,english asc,chinese asc;
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| name | math | english | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 赖益烨 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 马师傅 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
| 李观洋 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 洋妈 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 郭雨妍 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 郭昊 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
| 张照洋 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.4 查询同学及总分，由高到低
-- ORDER BY 中可以使用表达式
mysql> select name,chinese+math+english total from exam_result order by chinese+math+english desc;
+-----------+-------+
| name | total |
+-----------+-------+
| 马师傅 | 276 |
| 郭雨妍 | 242 |
| 洋妈 | 233 |
| 赖益烨 | 221 |
| 郭昊 | 221 |
| 李观洋 | 185 |
| 张照洋 | 170 |
+-----------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名
mysql> select name,chinese+math+english total from exam_result order by total desc;
+-----------+-------+
| name | total |
+-----------+-------+
| 马师傅 | 276 |
| 郭雨妍 | 242 |
| 洋妈 | 233 |
| 赖益烨 | 221 |
| 郭昊 | 221 |
| 李观洋 | 185 |
| 张照洋 | 170 |
+-----------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.5 查询姓郭的同学或者姓洋的同学数学成绩，结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
-- 结合 WHERE 子句 和 ORDER BY 子句
mysql> select name,math from exam_result where name like '郭%' or name like '洋%' order by math desc;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 洋妈 | 84 |
| 郭雨妍 | 78 |
| 郭昊 | 73 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4. 筛选分页结果
语法:
-- 起始下标为 0
-- 从 0 开始，筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n;
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果，比第二种用法更明确，建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
建议 : 对未知表进行查询时,最好加一条 limit 1,避免因为表中数据过大,查询全表数据导致数据库卡死!!!
案例:
mysql> select name,math from exam_result limit 3;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 赖益烨 | 98 |
| 郭雨妍 | 78 |
| 马师傅 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,math from exam_result limit 3,3;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 洋妈 | 84 |
| 李观洋 | 85 |
| 郭昊 | 73 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,math from exam_result limit 3 offset 6;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 张照洋 | 65 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name,math from exam_result limit 3 offset 0;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 赖益烨 | 98 |
| 郭雨妍 | 78 |
| 马师傅 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
按id进行分页,每页3条记录,分别显示 第1,2,3 页!!!
-- 第 1 页
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 0;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 第 2 页
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 4 | 洋妈 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 第 3 页，如果结果不足 3 个，不会有影响
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 6;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 7 | 张照洋 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
四、Update
语法:
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...]
[WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
对查询到的结果进行列值更新
案例：
1. 将郭雨妍同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分
-- 更新值为具体值
-- 查看原数据
mysql> select name,math from exam_result where name='郭雨妍';
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 郭雨妍 | 78 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新
mysql> update exam_result set math=80 where name='郭雨妍';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
mysql> select name,math from exam_result where name='郭雨妍';
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 郭雨妍 | 80 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
2. 将洋同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分，语文成绩变更为 70 分
-- 一次更新多个列
-- 查看原数据
mysql> select name,math,chinese from exam_result where name='洋妈';
+--------+------+---------+
| name | math | chinese |
+--------+------+---------+
| 洋妈 | 84 | 82 |
+--------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新
mysql> update exam_result set math=60,chinese=70 where name='洋妈';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
mysql> select name,math,chinese from exam_result where name='洋妈';
+--------+------+---------+
| name | math | chinese |
+--------+------+---------+
| 洋妈 | 60 | 70 |
+--------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3. 将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分
-- 更新值为原值基础上变更
-- 查看原数据
-- 别名可以在ORDER BY中使用
mysql> select name,math,chinese+math+english total from exam_result order by total asc limit 3;
+-----------+------+-------+
| name | math | total |
+-----------+------+-------+
| 张照洋 | 65 | 170 |
| 李观洋 | 85 | 185 |
| 洋妈 | 60 | 197 |
+-----------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新，不支持 math += 30 这种语法
mysql> update exam_result set math=math+30 order by chinese+math+english limit 3;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
-- 思考：这里还可以按总分升序排序取前 3 个么？
mysql> select name,math,chinese+math+english total from exam_result where name in ('张照洋','李观洋','洋妈');
+-----------+------+-------+
| name | math | total |
+-----------+------+-------+
| 洋妈 | 90 | 227 |
| 李观洋 | 115 | 215 |
| 张照洋 | 95 | 200 |
+-----------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 不可以,因为数学成绩+30分以后,成绩就不一定在前三名了!!!
-- 按总成绩排序后查询结果
mysql> select name,math,chinese+math+english total from exam_result order by total asc limit 3;
+-----------+------+-------+
| name | math | total |
+-----------+------+-------+
| 张照洋 | 95 | 200 |
| 李观洋 | 115 | 215 |
| 赖益烨 | 98 | 221 |
+-----------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4. 将所有同学的语文成绩更新为原来的 2 倍
-- 没有 WHERE 子句，则更新全表
-- 查看原数据
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 赖益烨 | 67 |
| 郭雨妍 | 87 |
| 马师傅 | 88 |
| 洋妈 | 70 |
| 李观洋 | 55 |
| 郭昊 | 70 |
| 张照洋 | 75 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 数据更新
mysql> update exam_result set chinese=chinese*2;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 7 Changed: 7 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
mysql> select name,chinese from exam_result;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 赖益烨 | 134 |
| 郭雨妍 | 174 |
| 马师傅 | 176 |
| 洋妈 | 140 |
| 李观洋 | 110 |
| 郭昊 | 140 |
| 张照洋 | 150 |
+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
四、Delete
1. 删除数据
语法:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
案例：
1.1 删除郭雨妍同学的考试成绩
-- 查看原数据
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 郭雨妍 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 删除数据
mysql> delete from exam_result where name='郭雨妍';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2 删除整张表数据
注意：删除整表操作要慎用！
-- 查看测试数据
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 赖益烨 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 3 | 马师傅 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 洋妈 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 李观洋 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 郭昊 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 张照洋 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 删除整表数据
mysql> delete from exam_result;
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
mysql> select * from exam_result;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据，自增 id 在原值上增长
mysql> insert into exam_result (name,chinese,math,english) values ('魏师傅',111,90,78);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看数据
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 8 | 魏师傅 | 111 | 90 | 78 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查看表结构，会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=n 项
mysql> show create table exam_result\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: exam_result
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `exam_result` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '同学姓名',
`chinese` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '语文成绩',
`math` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '数学成绩',
`english` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '英语成绩',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=9 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2. 截断表
语法:
TRUNCATE [TABLE] table_name
注意 : 这个操作慎用
- 只能对整表操作,不能像delete一样针对部分数据操作.
- 实际上MySQL不对数据操作,所以比delete更快,但是truncate在删除数据的时候,并不经过真正的事务,所以无法回滚.
- 会重置 auot_increment项.
案例:
-- 查看测试数据
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 9 | 赖益烨 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 10 | 郭雨妍 | 87 | 78 | 77 |
| 11 | 马师傅 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 12 | 洋妈 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
| 13 | 李观洋 | 55 | 85 | 45 |
| 14 | 郭昊 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 15 | 张照洋 | 75 | 65 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 截断整表数据，注意影响行数是 0，所以实际上没有对数据真正操作
mysql> truncate exam_result;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
mysql> select * from exam_result;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据，自增 id 在重新增长
mysql> insert into exam_result (name,chinese,math,english) values ('魏师傅',111,90,78);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看数据
mysql> select * from exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 魏师傅 | 111 | 90 | 78 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查看表结构，会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 项
mysql> show create table exam_result\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: exam_result
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `exam_result` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '同学姓名',
`chinese` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '语文成绩',
`math` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '数学成绩',
`english` float DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '英语成绩',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
五、插入查询结果
语法:
INSERT INTO table_name [(column [, column ...])] SELECT ...
案例:
-- 创建原数据表
mysql> create table duplicate_table(id int,name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO duplicate_table VALUES
-> (100, 'aaa'),
-> (100, 'aaa'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (300, 'ccc');
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 创建一张空表 no_duplicate_table，结构和 duplicate_table 一样
mysql> create table duplicate_table_backup like duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
-- 将 duplicate_table 的去重数据插入到 no_duplicate_table
mysql> insert into duplicate_table_backup select distinct * from duplicate_table;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 通过重命名表，实现原子的去重操作
mysql> alter table duplicate_table rename duplicate_table_old;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> alter table duplicate_table_backup rename duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看最终结果
mysql> select * from duplicate_table;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 100 | aaa |
| 200 | bbb |
| 300 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
六、聚合函数
| 函数 | 说明 |
| COUNT([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 数量 |
| SUM([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 总和，不是数字没有意义 |
| AVG([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 平均值，不是数字没有意义 |
| MAX([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最大值，不是数字没有意义 |
| MIN([DISTINCT] expr) | 返回查询到的数据的 最小值，不是数字没有意义 |
案例：
1. 统计班级共有多少同学
-- 使用 * 做统计，不受 NULL 影响
mysql> select count(*) 总人数 from exam_result;
+-----------+
| 总人数 |
+-----------+
| 7 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用表达式做统计
mysql> select count(1) 总人数 from exam_result;
+-----------+
| 总人数 |
+-----------+
| 7 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2. 统计班级收集的 qq 号有多少
mysql> select * from students;
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
| 1 | 61 | 路飞 | 111@qq.com |
| 2 | 62 | 索隆 | NULL |
| 4 | 63 | 娜美 | 333@qq.com |
| 5 | 64 | 乔巴 | NULL |
| 6 | 65 | 弗兰奇 | 444@qq.com |
| 7 | 66 | 罗宾 | 555@qq.com |
| 8 | 67 | 布鲁克 | 123@qq.com |
| 9 | 68 | 山治 | |
+----+----+-----------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- NULL 不会计入结果
mysql> select count(qq) from students;
+-----------+
| count(qq) |
+-----------+
| 6 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.统计本次考试的数学成绩分数个数
-- COUNT(math) 统计的是全部成绩
mysql> select count(math) from exam_result;
+-------------+
| count(math) |
+-------------+
| 7 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- count(distinct math)统计的是去重后的成绩
mysql> select count(distinct math) from exam_result;
+----------------------+
| count(distinct math) |
+----------------------+
| 6 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.统计数学成绩总分
mysql> select sum(math) from exam_result;
+-----------+
| sum(math) |
+-----------+
| 581 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 不及格 < 60 的总分，没有结果，返回 NULL
mysql> select sum(math) from exam_result where math<60;
+-----------+
| sum(math) |
+-----------+
| NULL |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.统计平均总分
mysql> SELECT AVG(chinese + math + english) 平均总分 FROM exam_result;
+--------------------+
| 平均总分 |
+--------------------+
| 221.14285714285714 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.返回英语最高分
mysql> select max(english) from exam_result;
+--------------+
| max(english) |
+--------------+
| 90 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7.返回 > 70 分以上的数学最低分
mysql> select min(math) from exam_result where math>70;
+-----------+
| min(math) |
+-----------+
| 73 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
聚合函数:聚合统计一定是直接或者间接统计列方向的某些数据.–>一定是相同属性的!
七、group by子句的使用
在select中使用group by子句可以对指定列进行分组查询
select column1, column2, .. from table group by column;
我们以前select的时候,都是将数据作为一个整体.其实mysql可以支持按照指定的列进行对数据做分组,我们可以让特定的sql在特定的组内进行某种操作!
案例:
- 准备工作,创建一个雇员信息表(来自oracle 9i的经典测试表)
- EMP员工表
- DEPT部门表
- SALGRADE工资等级表
oracle 9i的经典测试表
1.查看表结构
mysql> source scott_data.sql;
mysql> use scott;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_scott |
+-----------------+
| dept |
| emp |
| salgrade |
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc dept;
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| deptno | int(2) unsigned zerofill | NO | | NULL | |
| dname | varchar(14) | YES | | NULL | |
| loc | varchar(13) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc emp;
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno | int(6) unsigned zerofill | NO | | NULL | |
| ename | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(9) | YES | | NULL | |
| mgr | int(4) unsigned zerofill | YES | | NULL | |
| hiredate | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
| sal | decimal(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| comm | decimal(7,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| deptno | int(2) unsigned zerofill | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc salgrade;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| grade | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| losal | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| hisal | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2. 如何显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | avg(sal) | max(sal) |
+--------+-------------+----------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 | 2850.00 |
+--------+-------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. 显示每个部门的每种岗位的平均工资和最低工资
mysql> select deptno,job,avg(sal),min(sal) from emp group by deptno,job;
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | job | avg(sal) | min(sal) |
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
| 10 | CLERK | 1300.000000 | 1300.00 |
| 10 | MANAGER | 2450.000000 | 2450.00 |
| 10 | PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 | 5000.00 |
| 20 | ANALYST | 3000.000000 | 3000.00 |
| 20 | CLERK | 950.000000 | 800.00 |
| 20 | MANAGER | 2975.000000 | 2975.00 |
| 30 | CLERK | 950.000000 | 950.00 |
| 30 | MANAGER | 2850.000000 | 2850.00 |
| 30 | SALESMAN | 1400.000000 | 1250.00 |
+--------+-----------+-------------+----------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.显示平均工资低于2000的部门和它的平均工资
- 统计各个部门的平均工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- having和group by配合使用，对group by结果进行过滤
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
--having经常和group by搭配使用，作用是对分组进行筛选，作用有些像where。
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp where 1=1 group by deptno having avg(sal)<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 下面这个例子证明了where和having是可以共存的.
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp where sal>1000 group by deptno having avg(sal)<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 30 | 1690.000000 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意:
- group by是通过分组这样的手段,为未来进行聚合统计提供基本的功能支持(group一定是配合聚合统计使用的);
- group by 后面跟的都是分组的字段依据,只有在group by后面出现的字段,未来在聚合统计的时候,在select中才能出现.
- where VS having 不是冲突的,是互相补充的,having通常是在完成整个分组聚合统计,然后在进行筛选;where通常是在表中数据初步被筛选的时候起效果的.
总结
SQL查询中各个关键字的执行先后顺序 from > on> join > where > group by > with > having > select
> distinct > order by > limit;
(本章完!)
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