Java语言程序设计（第12版）个人复习 第一章

Java语言程序设计（第12版）个人复习 第一章

第一章知识点

语法错误

1.10 . 1 语法错误
在编译过程中出现的错误称为语法错误 （ syntax error ) 或编译媒（compile error ) 。 语法错误是由创建代码时的错误引起的 ， 例如 ： 拼错关键字 ,忽略了一些必要的标点符号 ， 或者左花括号没有对应的右花括号 。 这些错误通常很容易检测到 ，因为编译器会告诉你这些错误在哪儿，以及是什么原因造成的。

1 public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
2 public static main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
4 }
5 }

四个错误被报告 ， 但实际上程序有两个错误 ：
第 2 行 main 方法前遗漏关键字 void 。第 3 行的字符串 Welcome to Java 应该加上引号 。由于一个错误常常会显示很多行的编译错误 ， 因此 ， 从最上面的行开始向下纠正错误是一个很好的习惯 。 解决程序前面出现的错误 ， 可能就改正了程序后面出现的其他错误.

运行时错误

运行时错误 （ runtime error ) 是引起程序非正常中断的错误 。 运行应用程序时 ， 当环境检测到一个不可能执行的操作时 ， 就会出现运行时错误 。 输入错误是典型的运行时错误 。 当程序等待用户输入一个值 ， 而用户输人了一个程序不能处理的值时 ， 就会发生输入错误 。 例如 ： 如果程序希望读入的是一个数值 ， 而用户输人的却是一个字符串 ， 就会导致程序出现数据类型错误 。
另一个常见的运行时错误是 0 作除数，当整数除法中除数为 0时可能引发这种情况。例如:下面程序清单 1-5 中的程序将会导致运行时错误，如图所示。

1 public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println(1 / 0);
4 }
5 }

逻辑错误

当程序没有按预期的方式执行时就会发生逻辑错误（logic error):这种错误发生的原因有很多种。例如，假设你编写如程序清单1-6 中的程序，将摄氏 35 度转换为华氏度

1 public class ShowLogicErrors {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.print("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
4 System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
5 }
6 }

你将得到结果华氏 67 度，而这是错误的，结果应该是 95.0。Java 中，整数相除是返回 除法的整数部分，即小数部分被截掉，因此 Java 中 9/5 的结果是丨。要得到正确的结果，需 要使用 9.0/5, 这样得到结果 1.8。

通常情况下 ,因为编译器可以明确指出错误的位置以及出错的原因 ， 所以语法错误是很容易发现和纠正的 。 运行时错误也不难找 ， 因为在程序异常中止时 ， 错误的原因和位置都会显示在控制台上 。 然而 ， 査找逻辑错误就很富有挑战性 。 在下面的章节中 ， 我们将学习跟踪程序以及找到逻辑错误的技巧

关键术语

课后习题

1.1 (Display three messages)

Write a program that displays Welcome to Java, Welcome to Computer Science, and Programming is fun.

public class DisplayThreeMessages {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
		System.out.println("Welcome to Computer Science");
		System.out.println("Programming is fun");
	}
}

1.2 (Display five messages)

Write a program that displays Welcome to Java five times.

public class DisplayFiveMessages {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
			System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
		}
	}
}

1.3(Display a pattern)

Write a program that displays the following pattern:

public class DisplayAPattern {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println("   J     A     V     V     A   ");
		System.out.println("   J    A A     V   V     A A");
		System.out.println("J  J   AAAAA     V V     AAAAA");
		System.out.println(" JJ   A     A     V     A     A");
	}
}

1.4(Print a table)

Write a program that displays the following table:

public class PrintATable {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println("a"+"\t"+"a^2"+"\t"+"a^3");
		for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
			mothed(i);
		}
	}
	public static void mothed(int a){
		System.out.println(a+"\t"+a*a+"\t"+a*a*a);
	}
}

“\t"代替空格” "打印表单整齐格式

1.5(Compute expressions)

Write a program that displays the result of

public class ComputeExpressions {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double result = (9.5*4.5-2.5*3.0)/(45.5 - 3.5);
		System.out.print(result);
	}
}

1.6(Summation of a series)

Write a program that displays the result of

public class SummationOfASeries {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int result = 0;
		for(int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
			result += i;
		}
		System.out.print("The result of 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9 is"+" "+result);
	}
}

1.7(Approximate pi)

pi can be computed using the following formula:

public class ApproximatePi {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double num1 = 4.0*(1.0-1.0/3.0+1.0/5.0-1.0/7.0+1.0/9.0-1.0/11.0);
		double num2 = 4.0*(1.0-1.0/3.0+1.0/5.0-1.0/7.0+1.0/9.0-1.0/11.0+1.0/13.0);
		System.out.println(num1);
		System.out.println(num2);
	}
}

1.8(Area and perimeter of a circle)

Write a program that displays the area and perimeter of a circle that has a radius of 5.5 using the following formulas:
perimeter = 2 * radius * pi
area = radius * radius * pi

public class AreaAndPerimeterOfACircle {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double radius = 5.5;
		System.out.println("The area is:"+area(radius));
		System.out.println("The perimeter is:"+perimeter(radius));
	}
	public static double area(double radius){
		double area = radius*radius*Math.PI;
		return area;
	}
	public static double perimeter(double radius) {
		double perimeter = 2 * radius * Math.PI;
		return perimeter;
	}
}

1.9(Area and perimeter of a rectangle)

Write a program that displays the area and perimeter of a rectangle with a width of 4.5 and a height of 7.9 using the following formula:
area = width * height

public class AreaAndPerimeterOfARectangle {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double width = 4.5;
		double height = 7.9;
		System.out.println("The area is:"+area(width,height));
		System.out.println("The perimeter is:"+perimeter(width,height));
	}
	public static double area(double width,double height){
		double area = width*height;
		return area;
	}
	public static double perimeter(double width,double height) {
		double perimeter = 2 * width+2 * height;
		return perimeter;
	}
}

1.10(Average speed in miles)

Assume that a runner runs 14 kilometers in 45 minutes and 30 seconds. Write a program that displays the average speed in miles per hour. (Note 1 mile is equal to 1.6 kilometers.)

public class AverageSpeedInMiles {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double hours = 45.0/60+30.0/60/60;
		double distance = 14.0/1.6;
		double speed = distance/hours;
		System.out.print(speed);
	}
}

1.11(Population projection)

The U.S. Census Bureau projects population based on the following assumptions:
■ One birth every 7 seconds
■ One death every 13 seconds
■ One new immigrant every 45 seconds
Write a program to display the population for each of the next five years. Assume that the current population is 312,032,486, and one year has 365 days. Hint: In Java, if two integers perform division, the result is an integer. The fractional part is truncated. For example, 5 / 4 is 1 (not 1.25) and 10 / 4 is 2 (not 2.5). To get an accurate result with the fractional part, one of the values involved in the division must be a number with a decimal point. For example, 5.0 / 4 is 1.25 and 10 / 4.0 is 2.5.

public class PopulationProjection {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        double time = 365*24*60*60;
		int born =(int)(time/7);
		int death =(int)(time/13);
		int immigration =(int) (time/45);
		double year1 = 312032486 + born - death + immigration;
		double year2 = year1 + born - death + immigration;
		double year3 = year2 + born - death + immigration;
		double year4 = year3 + born - death + immigration;
		double year5 = year4 + born - death + immigration;
		System.out.println("The number of people after five years:"+ year1);
		System.out.println("The number of people after five years:"+ year2);
		System.out.println("The number of people after five years:"+ year3);
		System.out.println("The number of people after five years:"+ year4);
		System.out.println("The number of people after five years:"+ year5);
	}
}

1.12(Average speed in kilometers)

Assume that a runner runs 24 miles in 1 hour, 40minutes, and 35 seconds. Write a program that displays the average speed in kilometers per hour. (Note 1 mile is equal to 1.6 kilometers.)

public class AverageSpeedInKilometers {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double hour = 1 + 40.0/60 + 35.0/60/60;
		double distance = 24*1.6;
		System.out.print("The speed is:"+(distance/hour));
	}

}

1.13(Algebra: solve 2 * 2 linear equations)

You can use Cramer’s rule to solve the following 2 * 2 system of linear equation provided that ad – bc is not 0:

Write a program that solves the following equation and displays the value for x and y: (Hint: replace the symbols in the formula with numbers to compute x and y. This exercise can be done in Chapter 1 without using materials in later chapters.)

public class Algebra {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double a = 3.4;
		double b = 50.2;
		double e = 44.5;
		double c = 2.1;
		double d = 0.55;
		double f = 5.9;
		double x = (e*d - b*f)/(a*d - b*c);
		double y = (a*f - e*c)/(a*d - b*c);
		System.out.println("x is :"+x);
		System.out.println("y is :"+y);
	}
}