北邮果园大二物联网导论1.Overview of IoT

IoT定义

Based on the traditional information carriers including the Internet, telecommunication network and so on, Internet of Things (IoT) is a network that inter-connects ordinary physical objects with the identiable addresses so that provides intelligent services.

IoT三个特征

1. Ordinary objects are instrumented.（感知化的 ）

日常生活里的物品可以通过嵌入（embedded）芯片、RFID、条形码（bar code）等单独处理。

2.Autonomic terminals are interconnected.自主终端相互连接

感知化的物体作为自主网络的终端相互连接。

3. Pervasive services are intelligent. 普适服务智能化

在这样一个广泛互联的网络中，让每一个对象都参与到服务流中，使普及服务变得智能。例如，车载网络或载人网络的传感器节点可以监测道路或驾驶员身体的状态，以获得实时信息，指导驾驶行为。

OSI参考模型（OSI reference model）

IoT的四层结构模型（Four-layer architecture model of IoT）

1.Object sensing layer物体感知层：感知物体，获取数据 sensing the physical objects and obtaining data

2.Data exchange layer数据交换层: 透明地传输数据 handles transparent transmission of data

3.Information integration layer信息整合层：从网络获取的不确定信息的重组、清理和融合，并将不确定信息整合得到有用知识 handles recombination, cleaning and fusion of uncertain information acquired from the networks, and integrates the uncertain information into usable knowledge

4.Application service layer应用服务层:为用户提供服务provides content services for various users

IoT的三个目标objective

1.More Extensive Interconnection更广泛的互联: 物联网将手机电脑等信息设备的互联扩展到所有智能或非智能物理对象的互连。IoT extends the interconnection among the information equipments, such as computer and mobile phone, to the interconnection of all intelligent or non-intelligent physical objects.

2.More Intensive Information Perception更密集的信息感知: 物联网将独立感知本地环境的传统单传感器范式扩展到多传感器协作的新范式，以实现全球环境感知。IoT extends the paradigm of traditional single sensors that sense the local environment independently to the new paradigm of collaboration of multi-sensors to achieve the global environment awareness.

3.More Comprehensive Intelligent Service更全面的智能服务: 基于普通物理对象的广泛互联和对物理世界的密集感知，物联网可以提供全面的智能化服务，其中物理对象积极参与服务过程。Based on the extensive interconnection of ordinary physical objects and the intensive perception of the physical world, IoT can provide comprehensive intelligent services, where physical objects are actively involved in the service process.

1.1999,Kevin Ashton 首先提出IOT

2.IOT定义

（1）original definition

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is often seen as a prerequisite先决条件 for the Internet of Things. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped with radio tags, they could be identified and inventoried清点 by computers.

RFID为IOT的先决条件，所有人和物体都配备上电子标签，就能被电脑识别、清点.

（2）Ashton's original definition

现有的互联网几乎完全依靠人类的信息，但人类时间精力有限，不善于捕捉现实世界中物体的数据

现在的电脑更知道人类提供的数据，更了解ideas而不是物体

如果电脑能采集我们所知所有物体的信息，且不通过人类帮助

（3）alternative definitions

①Auto-ID Center自动识别中心，最初基于RFID标签与独有识别，通过电子产品码（electronic product code）

②制造所有物品，通过URL等现有命名协议使它们可处理

③The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that is rapidly gaining ground in the scenario of modern wireless telecommunications. The basic idea of this concept is the pervasive presence around us of a variety of things or objects – such as Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. – which, through unique addressing schemes, are able to interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to reach common goals.

④The EU-funded project 'Coordination and support action for global RFID-related activities and standardisation‘ (CASAGRAS)

A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual objects through the exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes existing and evolving Internet and network developments. It will offer specific objectidentification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the development of independent cooperative services and applications. These will be characterised by a high degree of autonomous data capture, event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability

⑤Cluster of European Research Projects (CERP)

Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated part of Future Internet and could be defined as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.

3.IOT的关键技术

物体感知层Object sensing layer

（1）条形码Barcode: 数据表示，用光学仪器可以读取。通过改变平行线的宽度和间距表示不同数据，是线性的/一维的A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data relating to the object to which it is attached. Originally barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D)

（2）二维码/QR码Two-dimensional code or QR Code: QR Code (全称 Quick Response Code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two- dimensional code). The code consists of black modules (square dots) arranged in a square pattern on a white background.

（3）IC card: 任何嵌入式集成电路袖珍卡。智能卡可以提供标识，认证、数据存储和应用处理。A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded 集成电路integrated circuits. Smart cards can provide identification,认证authentication, data storage and application processing.

（4）Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): 无线、非接触式，使用射频电磁场传输数据，用于自动识别与跟踪Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking.

（5）传感器Sensor/Detector: 测量物理量，转换成可被observer或instrument读取的信号A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument.

A sensor node/a mote:无线传感器网络中能够执行某些处理、收集感官信息并与网络中的其他连接节点通信的节点。a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network.

（6）GPS: a space-based satellite navigation导航 system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed无障碍 line of sight to 4 or more GPS satellites.

（7）智能设备Smart device: 除充电外无线的、可移动的、一直被连接的（wifi、3G、4G...）、可进行语音视频通信的、互联网浏览、定位、可一定程度上自主操作的电子设备A smart device is an electronic device that is cordless (unless while being charged), mobile (easily transportable), always connected (via WiFi, 3G, 4G etc.) and is capable of voice and video communication, internet browsing, "geo-location" (for search purposes) and that can operate to some extent autonomously

数据交换层Data exchange layer

（1）互联网Internet: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite 标准物联网协议套件(often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP)

（2）WiFi：允许电子设备通过电脑网络（包括高速互联网连接）无线交换数据 a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. WiFi refers to interoperable互操作 implementations实现 of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards

（3）WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access全球微波接入互操作性) 是一种无线通信标准，旨在提供每秒30至40兆比特的数据速率，更新后可为固定站提供高达1Gbit/s的数据速率。WiMAX指的是IEEE 802.16系列无线网络标准的互操作实现is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards

①GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)GSM（全球移动通信系统）是由欧洲电信标准协会（ETSI）开发的一套标准，用于描述移动电话使用的第二代（2G）数字蜂窝网络的协议, a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones

②3G, 第三代移动通信技术 这是一组用于移动设备、移动电信服务和网络的标准，这些标准符合ITU的国际移动电信-2000（IMT-2000）规范。This is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the ITU.

以下标准通常为3G品牌：

The original and most widespread radio interface is called Q- CDMA.

仅在中国：The TD-SCDMA radio interface（无线电接口） was commercialised in 2009

仅在北美和韩国：The CDMA2000 system, standardized by 3GPP2

③4G 第四代手机移动通信标准。它是3G标准的继承者。4G系统提供移动超宽带互联网接入。两个4G候选系统已在商业上部署：移动WiMAX标准（2006年首次在韩国）和第一个发布的长期演进（LTE）标准（2009年以来在斯堪的纳维亚半岛）is the fourth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. It is a successor of the 3G standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access. Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: The Mobile WiMAX standard (at first in South Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long term evolution (LTE) standard (in Scandinavia since 2009)

（4）蓝牙Bluetooth 蓝牙是一种专有的开放无线技术标准，用于在短距离（使用ISM频段2400–2480 MHz的短波无线电传输）上从固定设备和移动设备交换数据，从而创建具有高安全级别的个人局域网（PAN）。 is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security.

（5）ZigBee 一套高级通信协议的规范，该协议使用基于个人局域网IEEE 802.15.4标准的小型低功率数字无线电。is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks.

（6）6LoWPAN是低功耗无线个人区域网络上IPv6的首字母缩写。6lowpan组定义了封装和报头压缩机制，允许IPv6数据包通过基于IEEE 802.15.4的网络发送和接收。 is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. The 6lowpan group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.

信息整合层Information integration layer

（1）A database 数据库是有组织的数据集合。数据通常以支持需要这些信息的流程的方式组织起来，以模拟现实的相关方面。is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality, in a way that supports processes requiring this information.

（2）Intelligent Information Processing智能信息处理是研究信息处理的智能和知识的基础理论和先进技术。在这方面，人工智能技术可能是有用的工具。智能系统可以应用于搜索互联网和数据挖掘、解读互联网衍生材料、人机界面、远程状态监测和许多其他领域。 is studying on fundamental theory and advanced technology of intelligence and knowledge for information processing. Artificial intelligence techniques can be useful tools in this context. Intelligent systems can be applied to searching the Internet and data-mining, interpreting Internet-derived material, the human Web interface, remote condition monitoring and many other areas.

（3）Cloud computing 云计算是通过网络（通常是互联网）作为服务提供的计算资源（硬件和软件）的使用is the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network (typically the Internet)

（4）Network management 网络管理是指与网络系统的操作、管理、维护和供应相关的活动、方法、程序和工具。refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems.

（5）Information security信息安全是指保护信息和信息系统免受未经授权的访问、使用、披露、破坏、修改、仔细阅读、检查、记录或销毁。 means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction.