算法----高精度加减乘除

python和Java等语言中，数字的大小是没有限制的，但是在c语言与c++中，longlong类型最大值为

2^32-1，所以大数运算时需要用字符串来处理。这是高精度加减乘除的模板。

加法，A+B

```c++
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

vector<int> add(vector<int>& A, vector<int>& B) {
	vector<int> C;
	int t = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < A.size() || i < B.size(); i++) {
		if (i < A.size()) t += A[i];
		if (i < B.size()) t += B[i];
		C.push_back(t % 10);
		t /= 10;
	}
	if (t) C.push_back(1);
	return C;
}

int main() {

	string a, b; cin >> a >> b;
	vector<int> A, B;

	for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
	for (int i = b.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) B.push_back(b[i] - '0');

	vector<int> c = add(A, B);
	for (int i = c.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) cout << c[i];
	cout << endl;

}
```

减法，A-B，需要保证A>B,写一个判断函数，如果A>=B，就输出A-B的结果，如果A<B,就输出B-A的结果。

```c++
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

bool cmp(vector<int>&A, vector<int>&B) {
	if (A.size() != B.size()) return A.size() > B.size();
	for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		if (A[i] != B[i]) return A[i] > B[i];
	}
	return true;
}

vector<int> sub(vector<int>& A, vector<int>& B) {
	vector<int> C;
	for (int i = 0,t=0;i<A.size();i++) {
		t = A[i] - t;
		if (i < B.size()) t = t - B[i];
		C.push_back((t + 10) % 10);
		if (t < 0) t = 1;
		else t = 0;
	}
	while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back();
	return C;
}

int main() {

	string a, b; cin >> a >> b;
	vector<int> A, B;

	for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
	for (int i = b.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) B.push_back(b[i] - '0');

	if (cmp(A, B)) {
		vector<int> c = sub(A, B);
		for (int i = c.size()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
			cout << c[i];
        }
		cout << endl;
	}
	else{
		vector<int> c=sub(B, A);
		cout << "-";
		for (int i = c.size()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
			cout << c[i];
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}
```

乘法，A为一个大数，b为一个int类型的变量。

```c++
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

vector<int> mul(vector<int>& A, int b) {
	vector<int> C;
	int t = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < A.size() || t; i++) {
		if (i < A.size()) t = t + A[i] * b;
		C.push_back(t % 10);
		t = t / 10;
	}
	return C;
}

int main() {

	string a; int b;
	cin >> a >> b;
	vector<int> A;

	for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');

	vector<int> c = mul(A, b);
	for (int i = c.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) cout << c[i];
	cout << endl;

}
```

除法，大数A除以int型变量b，余数为r

```c++
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;

vector<int> div(vector<int>& A, int b, int &r) {//r一定要传为引用类型！！！否则不能正常输出余数！！！
	vector<int> c;  r = 0;
	for (int i = A.size()-1; i >=0; i--) {
		r = r * 10 + A[i];
		c.push_back(r / b);
		r = r % b;
	}
	reverse(c.begin(), c.end());
	while (c.size() > 0 && c.back() == 0) c.pop_back();
	return c;
}
int main() {

	string a; int b;
	cin >> a >> b;
	vector<int> A; 
	int r = 526;//div()函数传入的为r的引用，所以r的值在函数内部会被改变，所以r初始化为几都不影响结果，取一个幸运数字吧

	for (int i = a.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) A.push_back(a[i] - '0');
	
	vector<int> c = div(A, b,r);
	for (int i = c.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) cout << c[i];
	cout << endl << r;
	cout << endl;
}
```

另外还有大数A*B，大数A/B，但是因为不常用，所以就不写了。