数据库操作

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-15 18:38:47 发布

巧克力蛋糕番薯芋头土豆炖牛肉拉面a

最新推荐文章于 2024-11-15 18:38:47 发布

阅读量369

点赞数 6

文章标签：数据库

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_64704880/article/details/135929022

版权

### 语法

DQL查询语句，语法结构如下：

```mysql
SELECT
   字段列表
FROM
   表名列表
WHERE
   条件列表
GROUP BY
   分组字段列表
HAVING
   分组后条件列表
ORDER BY
   排序字段列表
LIMIT
   分页参数
```

- 基本查询（不带任何条件）
- 条件查询（where）
- 分组查询（group by）
- 排序查询（order by）
- 分页查询（limit）

聚合函数

之前我们做的查询都是横向查询，就是根据条件一行一行的进行判断，而使用聚合函数查询就是纵向查询，它是对一列的值进行计算，然后返回一个结果值。（将一列数据作为一个整体，进行纵向计算）

语法：

select  聚合函数(字段列表)  from  表名 ;

注意 : 聚合函数会忽略空值，对NULL值不作为统计。

常用聚合函数：

函数	功能
count	统计数量
max	最大值
min	最小值
avg	平均值
sum	求和

count ：按照列去统计有多少行数据。

在根据指定的列统计的时候，如果这一列中有null的行，该行不会被统计在其中。

sum ：计算指定列的数值和，如果不是数值类型，那么计算结果为0

max ：计算指定列的最大值

min ：计算指定列的最小值

avg ：计算指定列的平均值

-- 部门管理
create table tb_dept(
                        id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment '主键ID',
                        name varchar(10) not null unique comment '部门名称',
                        create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',
                        update_time datetime not null comment '修改时间'
) comment '部门表';


-- 员工管理(带约束)
create table tb_emp (
                        id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment 'ID',
                        username varchar(20) not null unique comment '用户名',
                        password varchar(32) default '123456' comment '密码',
                        name varchar(10) not null comment '姓名',
                        gender tinyint unsigned not null comment '性别, 说明: 1 男, 2 女',
                        image varchar(300) comment '图像',
                        job tinyint unsigned comment '职位, 说明: 1 班主任,2 讲师, 3 学工主管, 4 教研主管',
                        entrydate date comment '入职时间',
                        dept_id int unsigned comment '部门ID',
                        create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',
                        update_time datetime not null comment '修改时间'
) comment '员工表';


insert into tb_dept (id, name, create_time, update_time) values
                     (1,'学工部',now(),now()),(2,'教研部',now(),now()),(3,'咨询部',now(),now()),
                     (4,'就业部',now(),now()),(5,'人事部',now(),now());

INSERT INTO tb_emp
(id, username, password, name, gender, image, job, entrydate,dept_id, create_time, update_time) VALUES
    (1,'jinyong','123456','金庸',1,'1.jpg',4,'2000-01-01',2,now(),now()),
    (2,'zhangwuji','123456','张无忌',1,'2.jpg',2,'2015-01-01',2,now(),now()),
    (3,'yangxiao','123456','杨逍',1,'3.jpg',2,'2008-05-01',2,now(),now()),
    (4,'weiyixiao','123456','韦一笑',1,'4.jpg',2,'2007-01-01',2,now(),now()),
    (5,'changyuchun','123456','常遇春',1,'5.jpg',2,'2012-12-05',2,now(),now()),
    (6,'xiaozhao','123456','小昭',2,'6.jpg',3,'2013-09-05',1,now(),now()),
    (7,'jixiaofu','123456','纪晓芙',2,'7.jpg',1,'2005-08-01',1,now(),now()),
    (8,'zhouzhiruo','123456','周芷若',2,'8.jpg',1,'2014-11-09',1,now(),now()),
    (9,'dingminjun','123456','丁敏君',2,'9.jpg',1,'2011-03-11',1,now(),now()),
    (10,'zhaomin','123456','赵敏',2,'10.jpg',1,'2013-09-05',1,now(),now()),
    (11,'luzhangke','123456','鹿杖客',1,'11.jpg',1,'2007-02-01',1,now(),now()),
    (12,'hebiweng','123456','鹤笔翁',1,'12.jpg',1,'2008-08-18',1,now(),now()),
    (13,'fangdongbai','123456','方东白',1,'13.jpg',2,'2012-11-01',2,now(),now()),
    (14,'zhangsanfeng','123456','张三丰',1,'14.jpg',2,'2002-08-01',2,now(),now()),
    (15,'yulianzhou','123456','俞莲舟',1,'15.jpg',2,'2011-05-01',2,now(),now()),
    (16,'songyuanqiao','123456','宋远桥',1,'16.jpg',2,'2010-01-01',2,now(),now()),
    (17,'chenyouliang','123456','陈友谅',1,'17.jpg',NULL,'2015-03-21',NULL,now(),now());

-- 内连接 两张表交集，没有交集的话是查不出来的，例如陈友谅
-- 隐式 where
select tb_emp.name ,tb_dept.name from tb_emp,tb_dept where tb_emp.dept_id=tb_dept.id;

-- 显式
select tb_emp.name,tb_dept.name from tb_emp inner join tb_dept on tb_emp.dept_id=tb_dept.id;

-- （左外连接,以左表为基础 A+A∩B
-- 查询所有员工的姓名对应的部门信息 ,所以采用左连接
select * from tb_emp e left join tb_dept d on e.dept_id=d.id;

-- 右外连接
select e.name,d.name from tb_emp e right join tb_dept d on e.dept_id=d.id;

-- 子查询
-- 查询教员部下所有员工的信息
select * from tb_emp where dept_id in(select id from tb_dept where name='教研部');

-- 查询在方东白员工之后入职的员工信息
select * from tb_emp where entrydate<
    (select entrydate from tb_emp where name='方东白');

-- 查询在教研部和学工部的所有员工信息
select * from tb_emp where dept_id in (select id from tb_dept where name in ('教研部','学工部') );

-- 查询与韦一笑入职日期和职位都相同的员工信息
select * from tb_emp where entrydate =(select entrydate from tb_emp where name='韦一笑')
                       and job= (select job from tb_emp where name='韦一笑') ;

select * from tb_emp where (entrydate,job)=(select entrydate,job from tb_emp where name='韦一笑');

-- 表查询
-- 查询入职日期在2006-01-01之后的员工信息以及其部门的信息
select * from (select * from tb_emp where entrydate>'2006-01-01') e ,tb_dept d where e.dept_id=d.id;








-- 分类表
create table category(
                         id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment '主键ID',
                         name varchar(20) not null unique comment '分类名称',
                         type tinyint unsigned not null comment '类型 1 菜品分类 2 套餐分类',
                         sort tinyint unsigned not null comment '顺序',
                         status tinyint unsigned not null default 0 comment '状态 0 禁用，1 启用',
                         create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',
                         update_time datetime not null comment '更新时间'
) comment '分类' ;

-- 菜品表
create table dish(
                     id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment '主键ID',
                     name varchar(20) not null unique comment '菜品名称',
                     category_id int unsigned not null comment '菜品分类ID',
                     price decimal(8, 2) not null comment '菜品价格',
                     image varchar(300) not null comment '菜品图片',
                     description varchar(200) comment '描述信息',
                     status tinyint unsigned not null default 0 comment '状态, 0 停售 1 起售',
                     create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',
                     update_time datetime not null comment '更新时间'
) comment '菜品';

-- 套餐表
create table setmeal(
                        id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment '主键ID',
                        name varchar(20) not null unique comment '套餐名称',
                        category_id int unsigned not null comment '分类id',
                        price decimal(8, 2) not null comment '套餐价格',
                        image varchar(300) not null comment '图片',
                        description varchar(200) comment '描述信息',
                        status tinyint unsigned not null default 0 comment '状态 0:停用 1:启用',
                        create_time datetime not null comment '创建时间',
                        update_time datetime not null comment '更新时间'
)comment '套餐' ;

-- 套餐菜品关联表
create table setmeal_dish(
                             id int unsigned primary key auto_increment comment '主键ID',
                             setmeal_id int unsigned not null comment '套餐id ',
                             dish_id int unsigned not null comment '菜品id',
                             copies tinyint unsigned not null comment '份数'
)comment '套餐菜品中间表';

-- ================================== 导入测试数据 ====================================
-- category
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (1, 1, '酒水饮料', 10, 1, '2022-08-09 22:09:18', '2022-08-09 22:09:18');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (2, 1, '传统主食', 9, 1, '2022-08-09 22:09:32', '2022-08-09 22:18:53');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (3, 2, '人气套餐', 12, 1, '2022-08-09 22:11:38', '2022-08-10 11:04:40');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (4, 2, '商务套餐', 13, 1, '2022-08-09 22:14:10', '2022-08-10 11:04:48');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (5, 1, '经典川菜', 6, 1, '2022-08-09 22:17:42', '2022-08-09 22:17:42');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (6, 1, '新鲜时蔬', 7, 1, '2022-08-09 22:18:12', '2022-08-09 22:18:28');
insert into category (id, type, name, sort, status, create_time, update_time) values (7, 1, '汤类', 11, 1, '2022-08-10 10:51:47', '2022-08-10 10:51:47');

-- dish
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (1,'王老吉', 1, 6.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/41bfcacf-7ad4-4927-8b26-df366553a94c.png', '', 1, '2022-06-09 22:40:47', '2022-06-09 22:40:47');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (2,'北冰洋', 1, 4.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/4451d4be-89a2-4939-9c69-3a87151cb979.png', '还是小时候的味道', 1, '2022-06-10 09:18:49', '2022-06-10 09:18:49');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (3,'雪花啤酒', 1, 4.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/bf8cbfc1-04d2-40e8-9826-061ee41ab87c.png', '', 1, '2022-06-10 09:22:54', '2022-06-10 09:22:54');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (4,'米饭', 2, 2.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/76752350-2121-44d2-b477-10791c23a8ec.png', '精选五常大米', 1, '2022-06-10 09:30:17', '2022-06-10 09:30:17');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (5,'馒头', 2, 1.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/475cc599-8661-4899-8f9e-121dd8ef7d02.png', '优质面粉', 1, '2022-06-10 09:34:28', '2022-06-10 09:34:28');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (6,'老坛酸菜鱼', 5, 56.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/4a9cefba-6a74-467e-9fde-6e687ea725d7.png', '原料：汤，草鱼，酸菜', 1, '2022-06-10 09:40:51', '2022-06-10 09:40:51');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (7,'经典酸菜鮰鱼', 5, 66.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/5260ff39-986c-4a97-8850-2ec8c7583efc.png', '原料：酸菜，江团，鮰鱼', 1, '2022-06-10 09:46:02', '2022-06-10 09:46:02');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (8,'蜀味水煮草鱼', 5, 38.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/a6953d5a-4c18-4b30-9319-4926ee77261f.png', '原料：草鱼，汤', 1, '2022-06-10 09:48:37', '2022-06-10 09:48:37');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (9,'清炒小油菜', 6, 18.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/3613d38e-5614-41c2-90ed-ff175bf50716.png', '原料：小油菜', 1, '2022-06-10 09:51:46', '2022-06-10 09:51:46');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (10,'蒜蓉娃娃菜', 6, 18.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/4879ed66-3860-4b28-ba14-306ac025fdec.png', '原料：蒜，娃娃菜', 1, '2022-06-10 09:53:37', '2022-06-10 09:53:37');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (11,'清炒西兰花', 6, 18.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/e9ec4ba4-4b22-4fc8-9be0-4946e6aeb937.png', '原料：西兰花', 1, '2022-06-10 09:55:44', '2022-06-10 09:55:44');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (12,'炝炒圆白菜', 6, 18.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/22f59feb-0d44-430e-a6cd-6a49f27453ca.png', '原料：圆白菜', 1, '2022-06-10 09:58:35', '2022-06-10 09:58:35');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (13,'清蒸鲈鱼', 5, 98.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/c18b5c67-3b71-466c-a75a-e63c6449f21c.png', '原料：鲈鱼', 1, '2022-06-10 10:12:28', '2022-06-10 10:12:28');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (14,'东坡肘子', 5, 138.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/a80a4b8c-c93e-4f43-ac8a-856b0d5cc451.png', '原料：猪肘棒', 1, '2022-06-10 10:24:03', '2022-06-10 10:24:03');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (15,'梅菜扣肉', 5, 58.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/6080b118-e30a-4577-aab4-45042e3f88be.png', '原料：猪肉，梅菜', 1, '2022-06-10 10:26:03', '2022-06-10 10:26:03');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (16,'剁椒鱼头', 5, 66.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/13da832f-ef2c-484d-8370-5934a1045a06.png', '原料：鲢鱼，剁椒', 1, '2022-06-10 10:28:54', '2022-06-10 10:28:54');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (17,'馋嘴牛蛙', 5, 98.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/7a55b845-1f2b-41fa-9486-76d187ee9ee1.png', '配料：鲜活牛蛙，丝瓜，黄豆芽', 1, '2022-06-10 10:37:52', '2022-06-10 10:37:52');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (18,'鸡蛋汤', 7, 4.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/c09a0ee8-9d19-428d-81b9-746221824113.png', '配料：鸡蛋，紫菜', 1, '2022-06-10 10:54:25', '2022-06-10 10:54:25');
insert into dish (id, name, category_id, price, image, description, status, create_time, update_time) values (19,'平菇豆腐汤', 7, 6.00, 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/16d0a3d6-2253-4cfc-9b49-bf7bd9eb2ad2.png', '配料：豆腐，平菇', 1, '2022-06-10 10:55:02', '2022-06-10 10:55:02');

-- setmeal
insert into setmeal (id, category_id, name, price, status, description, image, create_time, update_time) values (1, 4, '商务套餐A', 20.00, 1, '', 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/21a5ed3a-97f6-447a-af9d-53deabfb5661.png', '2022-06-10 10:58:09', '2022-06-10 10:58:09');
insert into setmeal (id, category_id, name, price, status, description, image, create_time, update_time) values (2, 4, '商务套餐B', 22.00, 1, '', 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/8d0075f8-9008-4390-94ca-2ca631440304.png', '2022-06-10 11:00:13', '2022-06-10 11:11:37');
insert into setmeal (id, category_id, name, price, status, description, image, create_time, update_time) values (3, 3, '人气套餐A', 49.00, 1, '', 'https://reggie-itcast.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/8979566b-0e17-462b-81d8-8dbace4138f4.png', '2022-06-10 11:11:23', '2022-06-10 11:11:23');

-- setmeal_dish
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (1, 1, 1, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (2, 1, 4, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (3, 1, 11, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (4, 2, 2, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (5, 2, 4, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (6, 2, 9, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (7, 3, 2, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (8, 3, 6, 1);
insert into setmeal_dish (id, setmeal_id, dish_id, copies) values (9, 3, 5, 1);


-- 多表查询需求
-- 1. 查询价格低于 10元 的菜品的名称 、价格 及其 菜品的分类名称 .
select e.name, price, d.name
from dish e,
     category d
where price < 10;

-- 2. 查询所有价格在 10元(含)到50元(含)之间 且 状态为'起售'的菜品名称、价格 及其 菜品的分类名称 (即使菜品没有分类 , 也需要将菜品查询出来).
select e.name, price, d.name
from (select * from dish where price between 10 and 50 and status = 1) e
         left join category d on e.category_id = d.id;

-- 3. 查询每个分类下最贵的菜品, 展示出分类的名称、最贵的菜品的价格 .
select c.name, max(d.price)
from dish d,
     category c
where d.category_id = c.id
group by c.name;

-- 4. 查询各个分类下 状态为 '起售' , 并且 该分类下菜品总数量大于等于3 的 分类名称 .
select c.name
from dish d,
     category c
where d.category_id = c.id
  and c.status = 1
group by c.name
having count(c.id) >= 3;

-- 5. 查询出 "商务套餐A" 中包含了哪些菜品 （展示出套餐名称、价格, 包含的菜品名称、价格、份数）.
select s.name, s.price, d.name, d.price, sd.copies
from dish d,
     setmeal s,
     setmeal_dish sd
where sd.setmeal_id = s.id
  and sd.dish_id = d.id
  and s.name = '商务套餐A';

-- 6. 查询出低于菜品平均价格的菜品信息 (展示出菜品名称、菜品价格).
select dish.name, dish.price
from dish
where price < (select avg(price) from dish);

where与having区别（面试题）

执行时机不同：where是分组之前进行过滤，不满足where条件，不参与分组；而having是分组之后对结果进行过滤。
判断条件不同：where不能对聚合函数进行判断，而having可以。

分页查询语法：

select  字段列表  from   表名  limit  起始索引, 查询记录数 ;

注意事项:

起始索引从0开始。计算公式：起始索引 = （查询页码 - 1）* 每页显示记录数
分页查询是数据库的方言，不同的数据库有不同的实现，MySQL中是LIMIT
如果查询的是第一页数据，起始索引可以省略，直接简写为 limit 条数

多表查询可以分为：

连接查询
- 内连接：相当于查询A、B交集部分数据
外连接
- 左外连接：查询左表所有数据(包括两张表交集部分数据)A+A∩B
- 右外连接：查询右表所有数据(包括两张表交集部分数据)
子查询