MySQL 3

Cristal.木

已于 2023-06-15 00:21:57 修改

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分类专栏： Linux # mysql 文章标签： mysql linux

于 2022-07-26 18:33:10 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_64735681/article/details/126000829

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本文详细介绍了如何在Linux系统上手动下载、安装、配置MySQL5.7，包括创建用户和组、设置数据存放目录、初始化数据库、生成配置文件、启动服务等步骤。此外，还讲解了如何使用临时密码登录并更改MySQL的root密码，以及在忘记密码时通过修改配置文件实现密码破解的方法。

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二进制安装 mysql

下载二进制格式的 mysql 软件包（https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/）

[root@localhost ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

创建用户和组

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -M -r -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@localhost ~]# id mysql
uid=994(mysql) gid=991(mysql) groups=991(mysql)

解压软件至 /usr/local/

[root@localhost ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/

设置软链接

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
'mysql' -> 'mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/'
[root@localhost local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root  17 Jun 27 21:48 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  36 Jul 26 17:57 mysql -> mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 Jul 26 17:56 mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  49 Jun 27 21:48 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root   6 May 19  2020 src

修改属主和属组

[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
[root@localhost local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root   17 Jun 27 21:48 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql  36 Jul 26 17:57 mysql -> mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 129 Jul 26 17:56 mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root  root   49 Jun 27 21:48 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root  root    6 May 19  2020 src

bin、include、lib、man

[root@localhost local]# ls mysql
bin  docs  include  lib  LICENSE  man  README  share  support-files

[root@localhost local]# echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/mysql/bin/' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost local]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

[root@localhost local]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/mysql
[root@localhost local]# ll /usr/include/ | grep mysql
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 24 Jul 26 18:00 mysql -> /usr/local/mysql/include


[root@localhost local]# vim /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
/usr/local/mysql/lib
[root@localhost local]# ldconfig

[root@localhost local]# vi /etc/man_db.conf 
......
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/local/mysql/man
......

[root@localhost local]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/

初始化数据库

[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2022-07-26T10:06:15.217572Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2022-07-26T10:06:15.366362Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2022-07-26T10:06:15.388023Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2022-07-26T10:06:15.442314Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 95cb821b-0cca-11ed-8584-000c295e7eb4.
2022-07-26T10:06:15.443312Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2022-07-26T10:06:16.926673Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-07-26T10:06:16.926689Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-07-26T10:06:16.927065Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-07-26T10:06:17.043394Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: lQTaUm,T<7WA
//注意：这个命令的最后会生成一个临时的随机密码，此处密码是 “lQTaUm,T<7WA”。

[root@localhost ~]# echo 'lQTaUm,T<7WA' > password
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  password

生成配置文件

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION

配置服务启动脚本

[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

启动 mysql

[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err'.
 SUCCESS! 
 
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process  
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*              
LISTEN  0       80                   *:3306                *:*              
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*              

[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep mysqld
root       11023       1  0 18:12 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
mysql      11223   11023  1 18:12 pts/0    00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=localhost.localdomain.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root       11258    1581  0 18:13 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql

设置 mysql 服务开机自启

[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --add mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig mysqld on
[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --list

Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
      systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
      systemd configuration.

      If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
      To see services enabled on particular target use
      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.

mysqld         	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off

下载 libncurses.so.5 ，并使用临时密码登录 mysql

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -p
mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

[root@localhost ~]# yum whatprovides libncurses.so.5
Last metadata expiration check: 0:19:41 ago on Tue 26 Jul 2022 05:55:09 PM CST.
ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility
                                            : libraries
Repo        : baseos
Matched from:
Provide    : libncurses.so.5

ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-9.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility
                                            : libraries
Repo        : baseos
Matched from:
Provide    : libncurses.so.5

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y ncurses-compat-libs

修改密码

[root@localhost ~]# cat password 
lQTaUm,T<7WA

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -p'lQTaUm,T<7WA'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('skye123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql 配置文件

mysql 的配置文件为/etc/my.cnf

配置文件查找次序：若在多个配置文件中均有设定，则最后找到的最终生效

/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FILE --> ~/.my.cnf

mysql 常用配置文件参数：

参数	说明
port = 3306	设置监听端口
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock	指定套接字文件位置
basedir = /usr/local/mysql	指定 MySQL 的安装路径
datadir = /data/mysql	指定 MySQL 的数据存放路径
pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid	指定进程 ID 文件存放路径
user = mysql	指定 MySQL 以什么用户的身份提供服务
skip-name-resolve	禁止 MySQL 对外部连接进行 DNS 解析使用这一选项可以消除 MySQL 进行 DNS 解析的时间若开启该选项，则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用 IP 地址方式否则 MySQL 将无法正常处理连接请求

[root@localhost ~]# vim .my.cnf
[client]
user=root
password=skye123!

[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

参考博客：mysql 的三种免密登录方式

数据库密码破解

编辑 mysql 配置文件，添加skip-grant-tables

[root@localhost ~]# rm -f .my.cnf 

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 
......
skip-name-resolve
skip-grant-tables
......

重启服务

[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

修改密码

mysql> update mysql.user set authentication_string=password('123456') where User = 'root';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 1

删除配置文件中的skip-grant-tables

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION

重启 mysql 服务

[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

使用新的密码登录

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>