目录
概念
二叉搜索树可以是一棵空树,也可以是具有以下性质的二叉树:
1.如果它的左子树不为空,则左子树上所有节点的值都小于根节点的值
2.如果它的右子树不为空,则右子树上所有节点的值都大于根节点的值
3.它的左右子树也分别为二叉搜索树
查找
1.从根开始比较,如果比根大则往右边查找,比根小则往左边查找
2.最多查找高度次,如果走到到空还没找到,那么这个值不存在
插入
1.树为空,则直接新增节点,赋值给root指针
2.树不空,按二叉搜索树性质查找插入位置,插入新节点
删除
要删除的节点无孩子,只有左孩子,只有右孩子,有左右孩子
1.删除该结点且使被删除节点的双亲结点指向被删除节点的左孩子结点--直接删除
2.删除该结点且使被删除节点的双亲结点指向被删除结点的右孩子结点--直接删除
3.在它的右子树中寻找中序的第一个结点,用它的值填补到被删除节点中,再来处理该结点的删除问题--替换法删除
实现
template<class K>
struct BSTreeNode
{
BSTreeNode<K>* _left;
BSTreeNode<K>* _right;
K _key;
BSTreeNode(const K& key)
:_left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _key(key)
{}
};
template<class K>
struct BSTree
{
typedef BSTreeNode<K> Node;
public:
BSTree()
:_root(nullptr)
{}
bool Insert(const K& key)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(key);
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key>key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(key);
if (parent->_key > key)
parent->_left = cur;
else
parent->_right = cur;
return true;
}
bool Find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key > key)
cur = cur->_left;
else if (cur->_key < key)
cur = cur->_right;
else
return true;
}
return false;
}
bool Erase(const K& key)
{
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key > key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else
{
if (cur->_left == nullptr)
{
if (parent == nullptr)
{
_root = cur->_right;
}
else
{
if (parent->_left == cur)
parent->_left = cur->_right;
else
parent->_right = cur->_right;
}
delete cur;
}
else if (cur->_right == nullptr)
{
if (parent == nullptr)
{
_root = cur->_left;
}
else
{
if (parent->_left = cur)
parent->_left = cur->_left;
else
parent->_right = cur->_left;
}
delete cur;
}
else
{
Node* minParent = cur;
Node* min = cur->_right;
while (min->_left)
{
minParent = min;
min = min->_left;
}
cur->_key = min->_key;
if (minParent->_left == min)
minParent->_left = min->_right;
else
minParent->_right = min->_right;
delete min;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool InsertR(const K& key)
{
return _InsertR(_root, key);
}
Node* FindR(const K& key)
{
return _FindR(_root, key);
}
bool EraseR(const K& key)
{
return _EraseR(_root, key);
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
cout << endl;
}
private:
bool _EraseR(Node*& root, const K& key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return false;
if (root->_key < key)
{
return _EraseR(root->_right, key);
}
else if (root->_key>key)
{
return _EraseR(root->_left, key);
}
else
{
Node* del = root;
if (root->_left == nullptr)
root = root->_right;
else if (root->_right == nullptr)
root = root->_left;
else
{
Node* min = root->_right;
while (min->_left)
min = min->_left;
swap(min->_key, root->_key);
return _EraseR(root->_right, key);
}
delete del;
return true;
}
}
bool _InsertR(Node*& root, const K& key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
root = new Node(key);
return true;
}
if (root->_key < key)
return _InsertR(root->_right, key);
else if (root->_key>key)
return _InsertR(root->_left, key);
else
return false;
}
Node* _FindR(Node* root, const K& key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return nullptr;
if (root->_key < key)
return _FindR(root->_right, key);
else if (root->_key>key)
return _FindR(root->_left, key);
else
return root;
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_key << " ";
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
private:
Node* _root;
};
void TestBSTree()
{
BSTree<int> t;
int a[] = { 7, 5, 0, 1, 8, 9, 3};
for (auto e : a)
{
t.InsertR(e);
}
// 排序+去重
t.InOrder();
t.EraseR(7);
t.InOrder();
t.EraseR(5);
t.InOrder();
t.EraseR(0);
t.InOrder();
t.EraseR(1);
t.InOrder();
for (auto e : a)
{
t.EraseR(e);
t.InOrder();
}
t.InOrder();
}
应用
1. K模型:K模型即只有key作为关键码,结构中只需要存储Key即可,关键码即为需要搜索到
的值。
2. KV模型:每一个关键码key,都有与之对应的值Value,即<Key, Value>的键值对。
template<class K, class V>
struct BSTreeNode
{
BSTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
BSTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
K _key;
V _value;
BSTreeNode(const K& key, const V& value)
:_left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _key(key)
, _value(value)
{}
};
template<class K, class V>
struct BSTree
{
typedef BSTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
BSTree()
:_root(nullptr)
{}
bool Insert(const K& key, const V& value)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(key, value);
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(key, value);
if (parent->_key < key)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
return true;
}
Node* Find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return cur;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
bool Erase(const K& key)
{
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
if (cur->_left == nullptr)
{
if (parent == nullptr)
{
_root = cur->_right;
}
else
{
if (parent->_left == cur)
parent->_left = cur->_right;
else
parent->_right = cur->_right;
}
delete cur;
}
else if (cur->_right == nullptr)
{
if (parent == nullptr)
{
_root = cur->_left;
}
else
{
if (parent->_left == cur)
parent->_left = cur->_left;
else
parent->_right = cur->_left;
}
delete cur;
}
else
{
Node* minParent = cur;
Node* min = cur->_right;
while (min->_left)
{
minParent = min;
min = min->_left;
}
cur->_key = min->_key;
cur->_value = min->_value;
if (minParent->_left == min)
minParent->_left = min->_right;
else
minParent->_right = min->_right;
delete min;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
cout << endl;
}
private:
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
return;
}
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_key << ":" << root->_value << endl;
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
private:
Node* _root;
};
void TestBSTree1()
{
// 字典KV模型
BSTree<string, string> dict;
dict.Insert("sort", "排序");
dict.Insert("left", "左边");
dict.Insert("right", "右边");
string str;
while (cin >> str)
{
BSTreeNode<string, string>* ret = dict.Find(str);
if (ret)
{
cout << "对应中文解释:" << ret->_value << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "无此单词" << endl;
}
}
}
void TestBSTree2()
{
// 统计水果出现次数
string arr[] = { "苹果", "西瓜", "苹果", "西瓜", "苹果", "苹果", "苹果", "香蕉" };
BSTree<string, int> countTree;
for (auto& str : arr)
{
//BSTreeNode<string, int>* ret = countTree.Find(str);
auto ret = countTree.Find(str);
if (ret != nullptr)
ret->_value++;
else
countTree.Insert(str, 1);
}
countTree.InOrder();
}
性能分析
对有n个结点的二叉搜索树,若每个元素查找的概率相等,则二叉搜索树平均查找长度是结点在二叉搜索树的深度的函数,即结点越深,则比较次数越多。
但对于同一个关键码集合,如果各关键码插入的次序不同,可能得到不同结构的二叉搜索树:
最优情况下
,二叉搜索树为完全二叉树(或者接近完全二叉树),其平均比较次数为:logN
最差情况下
,二叉搜索树退化为单支树(或者类似单支),其平均比较次数为:N
问题:如果退化成单支树,二叉搜索树的性能就失去了。那能否进行改进,不论按照什么次序插
入关键码,二叉搜索树的性能都能达到最优?AVL树和红黑树就可以解决。