运算符重载概念:对已有的运算符进行重新定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型
加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算
成员函数重载:
class Person
{
public:
Person operator+(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp;
}
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p3.m_A=" << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B=" << p3.m_B << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
成员函数本质调用
Person p3=p1.operator+(p2);
全局函数重载:
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p3.m_A=" << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B=" << p3.m_B << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
全局函数本质调用
Person p3=operator+(p1,p2);
运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
Person operator+(Person& p1, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + num;
return temp;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + 20;
cout << "p3.m_A=" << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B=" << p3.m_B << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
注意:1.对于内置的是数据类型的表达式的运算符是不可能改变的
2.不要滥用运算符重载
2.左移运算符重载
作用:可以输出自定义数据类型
通常不会利用成员函数重载左移运算符,因为cout只能在右边
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
void operator<<(ostream &cout, Person p) //本质 operator <<(cout,p) 简化 cout<<p
{
cout << "m_A=" << p.m_A << " m_B=" << p.m_B << endl;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
cout << p1;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
上述代码的17行如果改成 cout<<p<<endl; 编译器就会报错,需要将代码改进:
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream &cout, Person p) //本质 operator <<(cout,p) 简化 cout<<p
{
cout << "m_A=" << p.m_A << " m_B=" << p.m_B;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
cout << p1 << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
3.递增运算符重载
作用:通过重载递增运算符,实现自己的整形数据
前置++
//自定义整形
class MyInteger
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_Num = 0;
}
//重载前置++运算符
MyInteger& operator++()
{
//先进行++运算
m_Num++;
//再将自身做返回
return *this;
}
private:
int m_Num;
};
//重载左移运算符
//注意要以引用的方式(&)目的是对一个数据进行递增操作
ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint)
{
cout << myint.m_Num;
return cout;
}
void test01()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++(++myint) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
后置++
//自定义整形
class MyInteger
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_Num = 0;
}
//重载后置++运算符
//void operator++(int) int代表占位参数,可以用于区分前置和后置递增
//不能以引用的方式返回,局部变量出了作用域会被销毁
MyInteger operator++(int)
{
//先记录当时结果
MyInteger temp = *this;
//后递增
m_Num++;
//最后将记录返回
return temp;
}
private:
int m_Num;
};
//重载左移运算符
//注意要以引用的方式(&)目的是对一个数据进行递增操作
ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint)
{
cout << myint.m_Num;
return cout;
}
void test02()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << myint++ << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
int main()
{
test02();
return 0;
}
总结:前置递增返回的是引用,后置递增返回值
4.赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数:
默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
默认拷贝构造函数,对属性进行值拷贝
赋值运算符operator=,对属性进行拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age)
{
m_Age = new int(age);
}
~Person()
{
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
}
//重载赋值运算符
Person& operator=(Person& p)
{
//编译器是提供浅拷贝
//m_Age=p.m_Age;
//应该先判断是否有属性在堆区,如果有,先释放干净,然后再深拷贝
if (m_Age != NULL)
{
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);
return *this;
}
int* m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1(18);
Person p2(20);
Person p3(30);
p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作
cout << "p1的年龄为:" << *p1.m_Age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄为:" << *p2.m_Age << endl;
cout << "p3的年龄为:" << *p3.m_Age << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
5.关系运算符重载
作用:重载关系运算符,可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
m_Name = name;
m_Age = age;
}
//重载 ==
bool operator==(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
//重载 !=
bool operator !=(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name != p.m_Name || this->m_Age != p.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
string m_Name;
string m_Age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1("Tom", 18);
Person p2("Tom", 18);
if (p1 == p2)
{
cout << "p1和p2相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1和p2不相等" << endl;
}
if (p1 != p2)
{
cout << "p1和p2不相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1和p2相等" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
6.函数调用运算符重载
函数调用运算符()也可以重载
由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数
仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
示例1:
//打印输出类
class MyPrint
{
public:
//重载函数调用运算符
void operator()(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
};
void test01()
{
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello world");//由于使用起来非常类似于函数调用,因此称为仿函数
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
示例2:
//加法类
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int num1, int num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
};
void test01()
{
MyAdd myadd;
int ret = myadd(100, 100);
cout << "ret= " << ret << endl;
//匿名函数对象
cout << MyAdd()(100, 200) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}