数据结构：哈夫曼树

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 12:42:40 发布

违规昵称666666

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 12:42:40 发布

阅读量61

点赞数

分类专栏：数据结构文章标签：数据结构 c++ 算法

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_74023144/article/details/130694032

版权

数据结构专栏收录该内容

17 篇文章 0 订阅

订阅专栏

文章介绍了哈夫曼树的概念，包括其构建过程、编码方法以及在数据压缩中的应用。哈夫曼树通过自底向上的方式建立，基于字符频率创建最优编码，确保了最小的平均编码长度，从而实现高效的数据压缩。此外，文章还提及哈夫曼编码的唯一性和在通信及存储领域的广泛应用。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

关于哈夫曼树的学习，不多说，先上代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std; 

#define MaxSize 1024  // 读入文件的上限 
#define OK 1
#define ERROR 0
typedef int Status;

typedef struct wordcnt{  // 统计字符和对应的次数 
	char ch;
	int cnt = 0;
}Count;

typedef struct NumCount{  // 统计次数的外部封装 
	Count count[MaxSize];
	int length = 0;
}NumCount;

typedef struct HTree{  // 哈夫曼树结构 
	char data; 
	int weight;
	int parent,lchild,rchild;
}HTNode,*HuffmanTree; 

typedef struct HCode{ // 编码结构 
	char data;
	char* str; 
}*HuffmanCode;


Status ReadData(char *source);  // 读入文件 
Status WordCount(char *data,NumCount *paraCnt); // 统计次数 
Status Show(NumCount *paraCnt);   // 展示次数 
Status CreateHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree &HT,int length,NumCount cntarray);  // 创建哈夫曼树 
Status select(HuffmanTree HT,int top,int *s1,int *s2);  // 选择权重最小的两个节点 
Status CreateHuffmanCode(HuffmanTree HT,HuffmanCode &HC,int length);  // 创建哈夫曼编码 
Status Encode(char *data,HuffmanCode HC,int length);  // 将读入的文件编码，写到txt文件 
Status Decode(HuffmanTree HT,int length);  //读入编码文件，解码 

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
	char data[MaxSize];  
	NumCount Cntarray;
	ReadData(data);  // 读入数据 
	WordCount(data,&Cntarray);  // 统计次数 
//	Show(&Cntarray); //可以查看每个单词出现的对应次数 
	HuffmanTree tree;
	CreateHuffmanTree(tree,Cntarray.length,Cntarray);  // 建树 
	HuffmanCode code;  
	CreateHuffmanCode(tree,code,Cntarray.length);  // 创建编码 
	Encode(data,code,Cntarray.length);  // 生成编码文件 
	Decode(tree,Cntarray.length);  // 解码 
	cout<<"Please view the generated TXT file to check the result"<<endl; 
	return 0;
}

Status ReadData(char *source)
{
	//打开文件读入数据 
	ifstream infile;
	infile.open("in.txt");
	cout<<"Reading..."<<endl;
	cout<<"the input file is:"<<endl;
	infile.getline(source,MaxSize);
	cout<<source<<endl;
	infile.close();
	cout<<endl;
	return OK;
}

Status WordCount(char *data,NumCount *paraCnt)
{
	int flag;// 标识是否已经记录 
	int len = strlen(data);
	for(int i = 0;i < len;++i)
	{
		flag = 0;
		for(int j = 0;j < paraCnt->length;++j)
		{
			if(paraCnt->count[j].ch == data[i]) // 若已有记录，直接++ 
			{
				++paraCnt->count[j].cnt;
				flag = 1;
				break;
			}
			
		}
		if(!flag) // 没有记录，则新增 
		{
			paraCnt->count[paraCnt->length].ch = data[i];
			++paraCnt->count[paraCnt->length].cnt;
			++paraCnt->length;
		}
	}
	return OK;
}

Status Show(NumCount *paraCnt)
{
	cout<<"the length is "<<paraCnt->length<<endl;
	for(int i = 0;i < paraCnt->length;++i)
	{
		cout<<"The character "<<paraCnt->count[i].ch<<"  appears  "<<paraCnt->count[i].cnt<<endl;
	}
	cout<<endl;
	return OK;
}

Status CreateHuffmanTree(HuffmanTree &HT,int length,NumCount cntarray)
{
	if(length <= 1) return ERROR;
	int s1,s2;
	int m = length*2-1;  // 没有度为1的节点，则总结点是2*叶子节点数-1个 
	HT = new HTNode[m+1];
	for(int i = 1;i <= m;++i)  // 初始化 
	{
		HT[i].parent = 0;
		HT[i].lchild = 0;
		HT[i].rchild = 0;
	}
	
	for(int i = 1;i <= length;++i) 
	{
		HT[i].data = cntarray.count[i-1].ch;
		HT[i].weight = cntarray.count[i-1].cnt;
	}
	
	for(int i = length + 1;i <= m;++i)
	{
		select(HT,i-1,&s1,&s2);  // 从前面的范围里选择权重最小的两个节点 
		HT[s1].parent = i;
		HT[s2].parent = i;
		HT[i].lchild = s1;
		HT[i].rchild = s2;
		HT[i].weight = HT[s1].weight + HT[s2].weight;  // 得到一个新节点 
	}
	return OK;
}

Status select(HuffmanTree HT,int top,int *s1,int *s2)
{
	int min = INT_MAX;
	for(int i = 1;i <= top;++i)  // 选择没有双亲的节点中，权重最小的节点 
	{
		if(HT[i].weight < min && HT[i].parent == 0)
		{
			min = HT[i].weight;
			*s1 = i;
		}
	}
	
	min = INT_MAX;
	for(int i = 1;i <= top;++i)  // 选择没有双亲的节点中，权重次小的节点 
	{
		if(HT[i].weight < min && i != *s1 && HT[i].parent == 0)
		{
			min = HT[i].weight;
			*s2 = i;
		}
	}
	return OK;	
}

Status CreateHuffmanCode(HuffmanTree HT,HuffmanCode &HC,int length)
{
	HC = new HCode[length+1];
	char *cd = new char[length];  // 存储编码的临时空间 
	cd[length-1] = '\0';  // 方便之后调用strcpy函数 
	int c,f,start;
	for(int i = 1;i <= length;++i)
	{
		start = length-1;  // start表示编码在临时空间内的起始下标，由于是从叶子节点回溯，所以是从最后开始 
		c = i;
		f = HT[c].parent;
		while(f != 0)
		{
			--start;  // 由于是回溯，所以从临时空间的最后往回计 
			if(HT[f].lchild == c)
				cd[start] = '0';
			else 
				cd[start] = '1';
			c = f;
			f = HT[c].parent;
		}
		HC[i].str = new char[length-start];  // 最后，实际使用的编码空间大小是length-start 
		HC[i].data = HT[i].data;
		strcpy(HC[i].str,&cd[start]);  // 从实际起始地址开始，拷贝到编码结构中 
	}
	delete cd;
}

Status Encode(char *data,HuffmanCode HC,int length)
{
	ofstream outfile;
	outfile.open("code.txt");
	for(int i = 0;i < strlen(data);++i)  // 依次读入数据，查找对应的编码，写入编码文件 
	{
		for(int j = 1;j <= length;++j)
		{
			if(data[i] == HC[j].data)
			{
				outfile<<HC[j].str;
			}
		}
	}
	outfile.close();
	cout<<"the code txt has been written"<<endl;
	cout<<endl;
	return OK;
}

Status Decode(HuffmanTree HT,int length)
{
	char codetxt[MaxSize*length];
	ifstream infile;
	infile.open("code.txt");
	infile.getline(codetxt,MaxSize*length);
	infile.close();
	
	ofstream outfile;
   	outfile.open("out.txt");
	
	int root = 2*length-1;  // 从根节点开始遍历 
	for(int i = 0;i < strlen(codetxt);++i)
	{
		if(codetxt[i] == '0') root = HT[root].lchild;  //为0表示向左遍历 
		else if(codetxt[i] == '1') root = HT[root].rchild; //为1表示向右遍历 
		if(HT[root].lchild == 0 && HT[root].rchild == 0)  // 如果已经是叶子节点，输出到输出文件中，然后重新回到根节点 
		{
			outfile<<HT[root].data;
			root = 2*length-1;
		}
	}
	outfile.close();
	cout<<"the output txt has been written"<<endl;
	cout<<endl;
	return OK;
}

运行结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述
该代码实现对于文本文件 in.txt 的哈夫曼编码，以及解码，文本文件 in.txt 内容如下：
Life is full of confusing and disordering Particular time,a particular location,Do the arranged thing of ten million time in the brain,Step by step ,the life is hard to avoid delicacy and stiffness No enthusiasm forever,No unexpected happening of surprising and pleasing So,only silently ask myself in mind Next happiness,when will come?