'dimnames函数与apply函数'
x = cbind(x1 = 3,x2 = c(4:1,2:5)
dimnames(x) # 调用行名和列名,先行后列
dimnames(x)[[1]] <- letters[1:8] # 赋值行名
apply(x,2,mean) # 把mean函数施加到第一列和第二列上,改成1则换为行
'list函数——创建一个列表'
L = list()
L$coff = c(1,4,6,8) # 美元符号用来调用名称,无则命名
k = c(1,4,6)
v = diag(3)
L = list(coefficients = k,variance = v)
'dataframe'
grp=c(1,2,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1)
gpa=c(4.0,3.5,2.8,3.9,2.2,3.8,2.7,3.8, 4.0,3.6,3.4,2.1)
age=c(21,22,19,32,25,22,20,23,21,24,22,30)
sex=c("F","M","M","M",'F','F','M','M','F','M','F','F')
dat=data.frame(grp=grp,gpa=gpa,age=age,sex=sex) # 创建一个dataframe
dat[1:10,] # 调用1到10行和所有列
group = dat$grp # 将grp列存储为group向量
var4 = dat[[4]] # 将第四列存储在var4向量中,一个[]代表调用某列,两个[]代表取此列所有元素变为行
names(dat)[1] = 'group' # 更改变量名
names(dat)[names(dat) == 'group'] <- 'newgroup' # 这样也可以根据旧列名更改
'factor函数——创建因子(多用于分类数据)与cut函数——分割数据'
state = c('tas','sa','qld','nsw','nsw')
statef = factor(state) #
table(statef) # 创建频数表
incomes = c(60,49,40,61,64,60,59,54,62,69,70,42,56,61,61,61,58,51,48,65,49,49,41,48,51,46,59,46,58,43)
cats = cut(incomes,breaks = 35+10*(0:7)) # breaks是节点
incomef = factor(cats)
table(incomef)