[Leetcode] 468. Validate IP Address 解题报告

题目：

Write a function to check whether an input string is a valid IPv4 address or IPv6 address or neither.

IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots ("."), e.g.,172.16.254.1;

Besides, leading zeros in the IPv4 is invalid. For example, the address 172.16.254.01 is invalid.

IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. The groups are separated by colons (":"). For example, the address 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 is a valid one. Also, we could omit some leading zeros among four hexadecimal digits and some low-case characters in the address to upper-case ones, so 2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8A2E:0370:7334 is also a valid IPv6 address(Omit leading zeros and using upper cases).

However, we don't replace a consecutive group of zero value with a single empty group using two consecutive colons (::) to pursue simplicity. For example, 2001:0db8:85a3::8A2E:0370:7334 is an invalid IPv6 address.

Besides, extra leading zeros in the IPv6 is also invalid. For example, the address 02001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 is invalid.

Note: You may assume there is no extra space or special characters in the input string.

Example 1:

Input: "172.16.254.1"

Output: "IPv4"

Explanation: This is a valid IPv4 address, return "IPv4".

Example 2:

Input: "2001:0db8:85a3:0:0:8A2E:0370:7334"

Output: "IPv6"

Explanation: This is a valid IPv6 address, return "IPv6".

Example 3:

Input: "256.256.256.256"

Output: "Neither"

Explanation: This is neither a IPv4 address nor a IPv6 address.

思路：

这道题目是关于字符串处理的典型题目，思路不难，关键在于简洁优雅无bug的代码。我们首先判断IP有可能是IPv4还是IPv6，然后再分别进行进一步判断，这是因为IPv4和IPv6的每个block的构成方式不一样：

对于IPv4而言，每个字符必须是数字，并且如果block的长度不为1，那么其第一个字符不能是0。除此之外，就需要判断整个block对应的整数的范围是不是0-255了。

对于IPv6而言，每个字符必须是数字或者a-f或者A-F。由于IPv6的每个block允许有前导的0，所以实际上检查更加简单，只需要判断每个字符是不是合法即可。

代码：

class Solution {
public:
    string validIPAddress(string IP) {
        string ans[3] = {"IPv4", "IPv6", "Neither"};
    	stringstream ss(IP);
    	string block;
    	if (IP.substr(0, 4).find('.') != string::npos) {        // ipv4 candidate
    	    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                if (!getline(ss, block, '.') || !isValidIPv4Block(block)) {
                    return ans[2];
                }
    	    }
    	    return ss.eof() ? ans[0] : ans[2];
    	}
    	else if (IP.substr(0, 5).find(':') != string::npos) {   // ipv6 candidate
    	    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
                if (!getline(ss, block, ':') || !isValidIPv6Block(block)) {
                    return ans[2];
                }
    	    }
    	    return ss.eof() ? ans[1] : ans[2];
    	}
    	return ans[2];
    }
private:
    bool isValidIPv4Block(string& block) {
    	int num = 0;
    	if (block.size() > 0 && block.size() <= 3) {
    	    for (int i = 0; i < block.size(); i++) {
    	        char c = block[i];
    	        if (!isalnum(c) || (i == 0 && c == '0' && block.size() > 1)) {
                    return false;
                }
    	        else {
                    num *= 10;
                    num += c - '0';
    	        }
    	    }
    	    return num <= 255;
    	}
    	return false;
    }
    
    bool isValidIPv6Block(string& block) {
    	if (block.size() > 0 && block.size() <= 4) {
    	    for (int i = 0; i < block.size(); i++) {
    	        char c = block[i];
    	        if (validIPv6Chars.find(c) == string::npos) {
                    return false;
                }
    	    }
    	    return true;
    	}
    	return false;
    }
    const string validIPv6Chars = "0123456789abcdefABCDEF";
};