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Competition-Based Development of Image Processing Algorithms
We report the findings of a month-long online
competition in which participants developed algorithms for
augmenting the digital version of patent documents published
by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
The goal was to detect figures and part labels in U.S. patent
drawing pages. The challenge drew 232 teams of two, of which 70
teams (30%) submitted solutions. Collectively, teams submitted
1,797 solutions that were compiled on the competition servers.
Participants reported spending an average of 63 hours developing
their solutions, resulting in a total of 5,591 hours of development
time. A manually labeled dataset of 306 patents was used for
training, online system tests, and evaluation. The design and
performance of the top-5 systems are presented, along with a
system developed after the competition which illustrates that
winning teams produced near state-of-the-art results under strict
time and computation constraints. For the 1st place system,
the harmonic mean of recall and precision (f-measure) was
88.57% for figure region detection, 78.81% for figure regions
with correctly recognized figure titles, and 70.98% for part label
detection and character recognition. Data and software from
the competition are available through the online UCI Machine
Learning repository to inspire follow-on work by the image
processing community
2014-10-30
Low-Rate Machine-Type Communication via Wireless Device-to-Device (D2D) Links
Wireless cellular networks feature two emerging
technological trends. The first is the direct Device-to-Device
(D2D) communications, which enables direct links between the
wireless devices that reutilize the cellular spectrum and radio
interface. The second is that of Machine-Type Communications
(MTC), where the objective is to attach a large number of lowrate low-power devices, termed Machine-Type Devices (MTDs) to
the cellular network. MTDs pose new challenges to the cellular
network, one if which is that the low transmission power can
lead to outage problems for the cell-edge devices. Another issue
imminent to MTC is the massive access that can lead to overload
of the radio interface. In this paper we explore the opportunity
opened by D2D links for supporting MTDs, since it can be
desirable to carry the MTC traffic not through direct links to
a Base Station, but through a nearby relay. MTC is modeled
as a fixed-rate traffic with an outage requirement. We propose
two network-assisted D2D schemes that enable the cooperation
between MTDs and standard cellular devices, thereby meeting
the MTC outage requirements while maximizing the rate of the
broadband services for the other devices. The proposed schemes
apply the principles Opportunistic Interference Cancellation and
the Cognitive Radio’s underlaying. We show through analysis and
numerical results the gains of the proposed schemes
2014-10-30
ESL DESIGN AND VERIFICATION
ESL DESIGN AND VERIFICATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ELECTRONIC SYSTEM-LEVEL METHODOLOGY
1 What Is ESL? 1
2 Taxonomy and Definitions for the Electronic System Level 11
3 Evolution of ESL Development 35
4 What Are the Enablers of ESL? 81
5 ESL Flow 113
6 Specifications and Modeling 139
7 Pre-Partitioning Analysis 175
8 Partitioning 205
9 Post-Partitioning Analysis and Debug 265
10 Post-Partitioning Verification 295
11 Hardware Implementation 333
12 Software Implementation 379
13 Use of ESL for Implementation Verification 399
14 Research, Emerging, and Future Prospects 425
2012-02-07
ESL Models and their Application
ESL Models and their Application:Electronic System Level Design and Verification in Practice
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 IP Meta-Models for SoC Assembly and HW/SW Interfaces . . . . 33
3 Functional Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4 Testbench Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5 Virtual Prototypes and Mixed Abstraction Modeling . . . . . . . . 173
6 Processor-Centric Design: Processors, Multi-Processors,
and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7 Codesign Experiences Based on a Virtual Platform . . . . . . . . . 273
8 Transaction-Level Platform Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9 C/C++ Hardware Design for the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
2012-02-06
Principles of Mobile Communication Second Edition
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
2.1
1.1.1 First Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.2 Second Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.2.1 GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900
1.1.2.2 IS-54/136 and IS-95
1.1.2.3 PDC
1.1.3 Cordless Telephone Systems
1.1.4 Third Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.5 Wireless LANs and and PANs
Wireless Systems and Standards
Frequency Reuse and the Cellular Concept
Mobile Radio Propagation Environment
Co-channel Interference and Noise
Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget
Coverage
Spectral Efficiency and Capacity
PROPAGATION MODELING
Frequency-Non-Selective (Flat) Multipath-Fading
2.1.1 Received Signal Correlation and Spectrum
2.1.2 Received Envelope and Phase Distribution
2.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading
2.1.2.2 Ricean Fading
2.1.2.3 Nakagami Fading
2.1.2.4 Envelope Phase
2.1.3 Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.3.1 Squared-Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.4 Level Crossing Rates and Fade Durations
2.1.4.1 Envelope Level Crossing Rate
2.1.4.2 Zero Crossing Rate
2.1.4.3 Average Envelope Fade Duration
2.1.5 Spatial Correlations
2.1.5.1 Received Signal at the Base Station
Frequency-Selective Multipath-Fading
2.2.1 Statistical Channel Correlation Functions
2.2.2 Classification of Channels
2.2.3 Channel Output Autocorrelation
Laboratory Simulation of Multipath-Fading Channels
2.3.1 Filtered Gaussian Noise
2.3.2 Sum of Sinusoids Method
2.3.3 Multiple Faded Envelopes
2.3.4 Simulation of Wide-band Multipath-Fading Channels
Shadowing
2.4.1 Laboratory Simulation of Shadowing
2.4.2 Composite Shadowing-Fading Distributions
2.4.2.1 Composite Gamma-log-normal Distribution
Path Loss Models
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
Path Loss in Macrocells
2.5.1.1 Okumura-Hata and CCIR Models
2.5.1.2 Lee’s Area-to-Area Model
Path Loss in Outdoor Microcells
2.5.2.1 COST231-Hata Model
2.5.2.2 COST231-Walfish-Ikegami Model
2.5.2.3 Street Microcells
Path Loss in Indoor Microcells
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
Multiple Log-normal Interferers
3.1.1 Fenton-Wilkinson Method
3.1.2 Schwartz-and Yeh-Method
3.1.3 Parley’s Method
3.1.4 Numerical Comparisons
Probability of Outage
Multiple Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers
Multiple Log-normal Nakagami Interferers
3.4.1 Statistically Identical Interferers
Multiple Log-normal Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers
3.5.1 Single Interferer
3.5.2 Multiple Interferers
MODULATED SIGNALS
AND THEIR POWER SPECTRA
Representation of Band-pass Modulated Signals
4.1.1 Vector Space Representations
4.1.2 Gram-Schmidt Procedure
4.1.3 Signal Energy and Correlations
Nyquist Pulse Shaping
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
4.4.1 Offset QPSK (OQSPK)
Orthogonal Modulation and Variants
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
4.6.1 Multiresolution Modulation
4.6.2 FFT-Based OFDM System
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)
4.7.1 Full Response CPM
4.7.1.1 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Partial Response CPM
4.8.1 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
4.8.2 Linearized OMSK (LGMSK)
4.8.3 Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM)
Power Spectral Densities of Digitally Modulated Signals
4.9.1 Psd of a Complex Envelope
4.9.2 Psd of QAM
4.9.3 Psd of PSK
4.9.4 Psd of OQPSK
4.9.5 Psd of
4.9.6 Psd of OFDM
4.9.7 Psd of Full Response CPM
4.9.7.1 Psd of CPFSK
4.9.7.2 Psd of MSK
4.9.8 Psd of GMSK and TFM
DIGITAL SIGNALING
ON FLAT FADING CHANNELS
Vector Space Representation of Received Signals
Detection of Known Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise
Probability of Error
5.3.1 Pairwise Error Probability
5.3.2 Upper Bounds on Error Probability
5.3.3 Lower Bound on Error Probability
5.3.4 Bit Versus Symbol Error Probabilities
Error Probability of PSK
Error Probability of M-QAM
Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals
Error Probability of OFDM
Error Probability of MSK
Differential Detection
5.9.1 Differential Detection of
Non-coherent Detection
Detection of CPM Signals
5.11.1 Coherent CPM Demodulator
5.11.2 Non-coherent CPM Demodulator
ANTENNA DIVERSITY
Diversity Combining
Selective Combining
Maximal Ratio Combining
Equal Gain Combining
Switched Combining
Differential Detection with Equal Gain Combining
Transmitter Diversity
6.7.1 Space-Time Transmit Diversity
EQUALIZATION
AND INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION
Overview
7.1.1 Symbol-by-symbol Equalizers
7.1.2 Sequence Estimation
7.1.3 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation
Modeling of ISI Channels
7.2.1 Vector Representation of Received Signals
Optimum Receiver for ISI Channels with AWGN
7.3.1 Discrete-Time White Noise Channel Model
7.3.1.1 Time Varying Channels with Diversity
7.3.1.2 T/2-Spaced Receiver
Symbol-by-Symbol Equalizers
7.4.1 Linear Equalizer
7.4.1.1 Zero-Forcing (ZF)
7.4.1.2 Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE)
7.4.2 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
7.4.3 Comparison of Symbol-by-symbol Equalizers
Sequence Estimation
7.5.1 MLSE and the Viterbi Algorithm
7.5.1.1 Adaptive MLSE Receiver
7.5.1.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.5.2 Delayed Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation
7.5.3 Reduced-State Sequence Estimation
Error Probability for MLSE on ISI Channels
7.6.1 Static ISI Channels
7.6.2 Fading ISI Channels
7.6.3 Computing the Union Bound
7.6.3.1 Error-State Diagram
7.6.3.2 The Stack Algorithm
7.6.4 Examples
Error Probability for T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.1 T-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.3 Practical T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.4 Timing Phase Sensitivity
MIMO MLSE Receivers
7.8.1 System and Channel Model
7.8.2 Joint Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
Discrete-time MIMO Channel Model
The Viterbi Algorithm
Pairwise Error Probability
T/2-Spaced MIMO MLSE Receiver
7.8.6.1 Error Probability
7.8.6.2 Timing Phase Sensitivity
7.8.6.3 Practical Receiver
Interference Rejection Combining MLSE
Examples
ERROR CONTROL CODING
Block Codes
Binary Block Codes
8.1.1.1 Minimum Distance
8.1.1.2 Syndromes
8.1.1.3 Error Detection
8.1.1.4 Weight Distribution
8.1.1.5 Probability of Undetected Error
8.1.1.6 Error Correction
8.1.1.7 Standard Array Decoding
8.1.1.8 Syndrome Decoding
Convolutional Codes
Encoder Description
State and Trellis Diagrams, and Weight Distribution
Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Codes
Trellis Coded Modulation
Encoder Description
Mapping by Set Partitioning
Coded Performance on AWGN Channels
Union Bound for Convolutional Codes
Coded Performance on Interleaved Flat Fading Channels
Design Rules for TCM on Flat Fading Channels
8.5.1.1 Multidimensional TCM
8.5.1.2 Multiple TCM (MTCM)
8.5.1.3 2-D Trellis Codes
Coded Performance on ISI Channels
TCM on Static ISI Channels
TCM on Noninterleaved Fading ISI Channels
Examples
8.6.3.1 Static ISI Channels
8.6.3.2 Multipath Fading ISI Channels
Evaluation of Union Bounds for TCM
Turbo Codes
PCCC Encoder
PCCC Decoder
SCCC Encoder and Decoder
Weight Distribution
8.7.4.1 Weight Distribution of PCCCs
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9.
10.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
8.7.4.2 Weight Distribution of SCCCs
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
Basic Principles of Spread Spectrum
9.1.1 Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
9.1.2 Frequency Hop (FH) Spread Spectrum
Spreading Sequences
9.2.1 Spreading Waveforms
9.2.2 m-sequences
9.2.3 Gold Sequences
9.2.4 Kasami Sequences
9.2.5 Barker Sequences
9.2.6 Walsh-Hadamard Sequences
9.2.6.1 Orthogonal and Bi-orthogonal Modulation
9.2.7 Variable Length Orthogonal Codes
9.2.8 Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
Power Spectral Density of DS Spread Spectrum Signals
Performance of DS/OPSK in Tone Interference
DS Spread Spectrum on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
9.5.1 RAKE Receiver
Error Probability for DS CDMA on AWGN Channels
9.6.1 Standard Gaussian Approximation
9.6.2 Improved Gaussian Approximation
9.6.3 Simplified Gaussian Approximation
TDMA CELLULAR ARCHITECTURES
Cell Sectoring
10.1.1 Cell Sectoring with Wide-beam Directional Antennas
10.1.2 Sectoring with Switched-beam Antennas
10.1.3 Trunkpool Techniques
10.1.4 Cellular Performance with Switched-beam Antennas
10.1.4.1 Reverse Channel
10.1.4.2 Forward Channel
10.1.4.3 Performance Criteria and Results
Conventional Cell Splitting
10.2.1 Reuse Partitioning
10.2.1.1 Cell Splitting with Reuse Partitioning
Cluster Planned Hierarchical Architecture
10.3.1 System Architecture
10.3.2 Underlaid Microcell Planning Algorithm
10.3.3 Performance Analysis of Cluster Planned Architecture
10.3.3.1 Macrocell Performance
10.3.3.2 Microcell Performance
10.3.3.3 Adjacent Channel Interference Analysis
Macrodiversity Architectures
10.4.1 Probability of Co-channel Interference Outage
10.4.2 Shadow Correlation
10.4.3 Numercial Examples
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Contents xi
12.
13.
11.2
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.3
11. CDMA CELLULAR ARCHITECTURES
11.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA
11.1.1 Reverse Link Capacity
11.1.2 Forward Link Capacity
11.1.3 Imperfect Power Control
Error Probability with RAKE Reception
11.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining
LINK QUALITY MEASUREMENT
AND HANDOFF INITIATION
Signal Strength Based Hard Handoff Algorithms
Pilot-to-interference Ratio Based Soft Handoff Algorithms
Signal Strength Averaging
12.3.1 Choosing the Proper Window Length
12.3.2 Choosing the Proper Number of Samples to Average
Velocity Estimation in Cellular Systems
12.4.1 Level Crossing Rate Estimators
12.4.2 Covariance Approximation Methods
12.4.3 Velocity Estimator Sensitivity
12.4.3.1 Effect of the Scattering Distribution
12.4.3.2 Effects of Additive Gaussian Noise
Velocity Adaptive Handoff Algorithms
12.5.1 Effect of
12.5.2 Corner Effects and Sensitivity to a and
12.5.3 Velocity Adaptive Handoff Performance
Hard Handoff Analysis
12.6.1 Simulation Results
Soft Handoff Analysis
12.7.1 Simulation Results
CIR-based Link Quality Measurements
12.8.1 Discrete-Time Model for Signal Quality Estimation
12.8.1.1 Estimation of (I+N)
12.8.1.2 Estimation of C/(I+N)
12.8.2 Training Sequence Based C/(I+N) Estimation
Summary
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUES
Centralized DCA
13.1.1 Maximum Packing (MP)
13.1.2 MAXMIN Scheme
Decentralized DCA
13.2.1 First Available (FA) and Nearest Neighbor (NN)
13.2.2 Dynamic Resource Acquisition (DRA)
Fully Decentralized DCA
13.3.1 Channel Segregation (CS)
13.3.2 Channel Segregation with Variable Threshold
13.3.3 Minimum Interference (MI) Schemes
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xii PRINCIPLES OFMOBILE COMMUNICATION SECOND EDITION
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10Example DCA Schemes for TDMA Systems
13.10.1 The Simple DCA (SDCA) Strategy
13.10.2 A Queueing DCA Strategy
13.10.3 An Aggressive DCA Strategy
13.10.4 Simulation Model, Results, and Discussion
13.11 Concluding Remarks
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
13.3.4 Aggressive and Timid DCA Strategies
Hybrid FCA/DCA Schemes
Borrowing Schemes
13.5.1 Borrowing with Channel Ordering (BCO)
13.5.2 Borrowing with Directional Locking
13.5.3 Borrowing without Locking
13.5.4 Compact Pattern Based DCA
Directed Retry and Directed Handoff
Moving Direction Strategies
Reduced Transceiver Coverage
13.8.1 Reuse Partitioning
Handoff Priority
Appendix A Probability and Random Processes
Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem
Means, Moments, and Moment Generating Functions
Some Useful Probability Distributions
A.3.1 Discrete Distributions
A.3.2 Continuous Distributions
Upper Bounds on the cdfc
Random Processes
A.5.1 Moments and Correlation Functions
A.5.2 Crosscorrelation and Crosscovariance
A.5.3 Complex-Valued Random Processes
A.5.4 Power Spectral Density
A.5.5 Random Processes Filtered by Linear Systems
A.5.6 Discrete-time Random Processes
A.5.7 Cyclostationary Random Processes
References
Index
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2011-06-16
COMMON ARCHITECTURES FOR TD-CDMA AND OFDM
Abstract. In this article an OFDM system without the necessity of a cyclic prefix is presented. First a
generalised data model that describes different mobile radio systems by a set of parameters is developed.
That model is taken as a basis to perform data detection general enough to be applicable in different
mobile radio systems. The differences and similarities of different systems with regard to the data model
are elaborated. It comes out that in order to enable common detection strategies the cyclic prefix in
OFDM based systems can be discarded, which implies that the information data rate is increased. The
price is a higher computational requirement of the receiver. Following the desire not to increase the
computational requirements for data detection significantly a technique is found to perform data detection
in OFDM systems without cyclic prefix causing only a moderate increase in computational requirements.
2011-06-16
DFT 3 Day Course- VAgrawal.zip
3 days DFT training datum, including DFT, scan, BSD, Mbist, compress.
2011-06-14
RTL coding style资料包
opencores_coding_guidelines.pdf.
RTL_coding_hints.pdf
simul-mismatch.pdf
Talk about BiT length .pdf
2011-06-13
3D ICs WITH TSVs
As demands accelerate for increasing density, higher bandwidths, and lower power, many IC design
teams are looking up – to 3D ICs with through-silicon vias (TSVs).
2011-06-13
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