在说ReactiveCocoa之前,先要介绍一下FRP(Functional Reactive Programming,响应式编程),在维基百科中有这样一个例子介绍:
在命令式编程环境中,a = b + c 表示将表达式的结果赋给a,而之后改变b或c的值不会影响a。但在响应式编程中,a的值会随着b或c的更新而更新。
Excel就是响应式编程的一个例子。单元格可以包含字面值或类似”=B1+C1″的公式,而包含公式的单元格的值会依据其他单元格的值的变化而变化 。
而ReactiveCocoa简称RAC,就是基于响应式编程思想的Objective-C实践,它是Github的一个开源项目,你可以在这里找到它。
关于FRP和ReactiveCocoa可以去看leezhong的这篇blog,图文并茂,讲的很好。
ReactiveCocoa框架概览
先来看一下leezhong再博文中提到的比喻,让你对有个ReactiveCocoa很好的理解:
可以把信号想象成水龙头,只不过里面不是水,而是玻璃球(value),直径跟水管的内径一样,这样就能保证玻璃球是依次排列,不会出现并排的情况(数据都是线性处理的,不会出现并发情况)。水龙头的开关默认是关的,除非有了接收方(subscriber),才会打开。这样只要有新的玻璃球进来,就会自动传送给接收方。可以在水龙头上加一个过滤嘴(filter),不符合的不让通过,也可以加一个改动装置,把球改变成符合自己的需求(map)。也可以把多个水龙头合并成一个新的水龙头(combineLatest:reduce:),这样只要其中的一个水龙头有玻璃球出来,这个新合并的水龙头就会得到这个球。
下面我来逐一介绍ReactiveCocoa框架的每个组件
Streams
Streams 表现为RACStream类,可以看做是水管里面流动的一系列玻璃球,它们有顺序的依次通过,在第一个玻璃球没有到达之前,你没法获得第二个玻璃球。
RACStream描述的就是这种线性流动玻璃球的形态,比较抽象,它本身的使用意义并不很大,一般会以signals或者sequences等这些更高层次的表现形态代替。
Signals
Signals 表现为RACSignal类,就是前面提到水龙头,ReactiveCocoa的核心概念就是Signal,它一般表示未来要到达的值,想象玻璃球一个个从水龙头里出来,只有了接收方(subscriber)才能获取到这些玻璃球(value)。
Signal会发送下面三种事件给它的接受方(subscriber),想象成水龙头有个指示灯来汇报它的工作状态,接受方通过-subscribeNext:error:completed:
对不同事件作出相应反应
- next 从水龙头里流出的新玻璃球(value)
- error 获取新的玻璃球发生了错误,一般要发送一个NSError对象,表明哪里错了
- completed 全部玻璃球已经顺利抵达,没有更多的玻璃球加入了
一个生命周期的Signal可以发送任意多个“next”事件,和一个“error”或者“completed”事件(当然“error”和“completed”只可能出现一种)
Subjects
subjects 表现为RACSubject类,可以认为是“可变的(mutable)”信号/自定义信号,它是嫁接非RAC代码到Signals世界的桥梁,很有用。嗯。。。 这样讲还是很抽象,举个例子吧:
RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];
RACSignal *signal = [letters sendNext:@"a"];
可以看到@"a"
只是一个NSString对象,要想在水管里顺利流动,就要借RACSubject的力。
Commands
command 表现为RACCommand类,偷个懒直接举个例子吧,比如一个简单的注册界面:
RACSignal *formValid = [RACSignal
combineLatest:@[
self.userNameField.rac_textSignal,
self.emailField.rac_textSignal,
]
reduce:^(NSString *userName, NSString *email) {
return @(userName.length > 0
&& email.length > 0);
}];
RACCommand *createAccountCommand = [RACCommand commandWithCanExecuteSignal:formValid];
RACSignal *networkResults = [[[createAccountCommand
addSignalBlock:^RACSignal *(id value) {
//... 网络交互代码
}]
switchToLatest]
deliverOn:[RACScheduler mainThreadScheduler]];
// 绑定创建按钮的 UI state 和点击事件
[[self.createButton rac_signalForControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside] executeCommand:createAccountCommand];
Sequences
sequence 表现为RACSequence类,可以简单看做是RAC世界的NSArray,RAC增加了-rac_sequence
方法,可以使诸如NSArray这些集合类(collection classes)直接转换为RACSequence来使用。
Schedulers
scheduler 表现为RACScheduler类,类似于GCD,but schedulers support cancellationbut schedulers support cancellation, and always execute serially.
ReactiveCocoa的简单使用
实践出真知,下面就举一些简单的例子,一起看看RAC的使用
Subscription
接收 -subscribeNext:
-subscribeError:
-subscribeCompleted:
RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal;
// 依次输出 A B C D…
[letters subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) {
NSLog(@"%@", x);
}];
Injecting effects
注入效果 -doNext:
-doError:
-doCompleted:
,看下面注释应该就明白了:
__block unsigned subscriptions = 0;
RACSignal *loggingSignal = [RACSignal createSignal:^ RACDisposable * (id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) {
subscriptions++;
[subscriber sendCompleted];
return nil;
}];
// 不会输出任何东西
loggingSignal = [loggingSignal doCompleted:^{
NSLog(@"about to complete subscription %u", subscriptions);
}];
// 输出:
// about to complete subscription 1
// subscription 1
[loggingSignal subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@"subscription %u", subscriptions);
}];
Mapping
-map:
映射,可以看做对玻璃球的变换、重新组装
RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
// Contains: AA BB CC DD EE FF GG HH II
RACSequence *mapped = [letters map:^(NSString *value) {
return [value stringByAppendingString:value];
}];
Filtering
-filter:
过滤,不符合要求的玻璃球不允许通过
RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
// Contains: 2 4 6 8
RACSequence *filtered = [numbers filter:^ BOOL (NSString *value) {
return (value.intValue % 2) == 0;
}];
Concatenating
-concat:
把一个水管拼接到另一个水管之后
RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
// Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RACSequence *concatenated = [letters concat:numbers];
Flattening
-flatten:
Sequences are concatenated
RACSequence *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
RACSequence *sequenceOfSequences = @[ letters, numbers ].rac_sequence;
// Contains: A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RACSequence *flattened = [sequenceOfSequences flatten];
Signals are merged (merge可以理解成把几个水管的龙头合并成一个,哪个水管中的玻璃球哪个先到先吐哪个玻璃球)
RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];
RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];
RACSignal *signalOfSignals = [RACSignal createSignal:^ RACDisposable * (id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) {
[subscriber sendNext:letters];
[subscriber sendNext:numbers];
[subscriber sendCompleted];
return nil;
}];
RACSignal *flattened = [signalOfSignals flatten];
// Outputs: A 1 B C 2
[flattened subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) {
NSLog(@"%@", x);
}];
[letters sendNext:@"A"];
[numbers sendNext:@"1"];
[letters sendNext:@"B"];
[letters sendNext:@"C"];
[numbers sendNext:@"2"];
Mapping and flattening
-flattenMap:
先 map 再 flatten
RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
// Contains: 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9
RACSequence *extended = [numbers flattenMap:^(NSString *num) {
return @[ num, num ].rac_sequence;
}];
// Contains: 1_ 3_ 5_ 7_ 9_
RACSequence *edited = [numbers flattenMap:^(NSString *num) {
if (num.intValue % 2 == 0) {
return [RACSequence empty];
} else {
NSString *newNum = [num stringByAppendingString:@"_"];
return [RACSequence return:newNum];
}
}];
RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal;
[[letters
flattenMap:^(NSString *letter) {
return [database saveEntriesForLetter:letter];
}]
subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@"All database entries saved successfully.");
}];
Sequencing
-then:
RACSignal *letters = [@"A B C D E F G H I" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal;
// 新水龙头只包含: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
//
// 但当有接收时,仍会执行旧水龙头doNext的内容,所以也会输出 A B C D E F G H I
RACSignal *sequenced = [[letters
doNext:^(NSString *letter) {
NSLog(@"%@", letter);
}]
then:^{
return [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence.signal;
}];
Merging
+merge:
前面在flatten中提到的水龙头的合并
RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];
RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];
RACSignal *merged = [RACSignal merge:@[ letters, numbers ]];
// Outputs: A 1 B C 2
[merged subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) {
NSLog(@"%@", x);
}];
[letters sendNext:@"A"];
[numbers sendNext:@"1"];
[letters sendNext:@"B"];
[letters sendNext:@"C"];
[numbers sendNext:@"2"];
Combining latest values
+combineLatest:
任何时刻取每个水龙头吐出的最新的那个玻璃球
RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];
RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];
RACSignal *combined = [RACSignal
combineLatest:@[ letters, numbers ]
reduce:^(NSString *letter, NSString *number) {
return [letter stringByAppendingString:number];
}];
// Outputs: B1 B2 C2 C3
[combined subscribeNext:^(id x) {
NSLog(@"%@", x);
}];
[letters sendNext:@"A"];
[letters sendNext:@"B"];
[numbers sendNext:@"1"];
[numbers sendNext:@"2"];
[letters sendNext:@"C"];
[numbers sendNext:@"3"];
Switching
-switchToLatest:
取指定的那个水龙头的吐出的最新玻璃球
RACSubject *letters = [RACSubject subject];
RACSubject *numbers = [RACSubject subject];
RACSubject *signalOfSignals = [RACSubject subject];
RACSignal *switched = [signalOfSignals switchToLatest];
// Outputs: A B 1 D
[switched subscribeNext:^(NSString *x) {
NSLog(@"%@", x);
}];
[signalOfSignals sendNext:letters];
[letters sendNext:@"A"];
[letters sendNext:@"B"];
[signalOfSignals sendNext:numbers];
[letters sendNext:@"C"];
[numbers sendNext:@"1"];
[signalOfSignals sendNext:letters];
[numbers sendNext:@"2"];
[letters sendNext:@"D"];
常用宏
RAC 可以看作某个属性的值与一些信号的联动
RAC(self.submitButton.enabled) = [RACSignal combineLatest:@[self.usernameField.rac_textSignal, self.passwordField.rac_textSignal] reduce:^id(NSString *userName, NSString *password) {
return @(userName.length >= 6 && password.length >= 6);
}];
RACObserve 监听属性的改变,使用block的KVO
[RACObserve(self.textField, text) subscribeNext:^(NSString *newName) {
NSLog(@"%@", newName);
}];
UI Event
RAC为系统UI提供了很多category,非常棒,比如UITextView、UITextField文本框的改动rac_textSignal
,UIButton的的按下rac_command
等等。
最后
有了RAC,可以不用去操心值什么时候到达什么时候改变,只需要简单的进行数据来了之后的步骤就可以了。
说了这么多,在回过头去看leezhong的比喻和该文最后总结的关系图,再好好梳理一下吧。我也是初学者,诚惶诚恐的呈上这篇博文,欢迎讨论,如有不正之处欢迎批评指正。
参考
https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/FrameworkOverview.mdhttps://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/blob/master/Documentation/BasicOperators.md
http://vimeo.com/65637501
http://iiiyu.com/2013/09/11/learning-ios-notes-twenty-eight/
http://blog.leezhong.com/ios/2013/06/19/frp-reactivecocoa.html http://nshipster.com/reactivecocoa/