ARM汇编语言指令集（3）

 

• 常数

There is no single instruction which will load a 32 bit immediate constant into a register without performing a data load from memory. The data processing instruction format has 12 bits available for operand2. Instead it is used to store 8 bit constants, giving a range 0-255.These 8 bits can be rotated right through an even umber of positions(ie RORs by 0,2 ,4…,30)

 

MOV, LDR只能使用8位位图立即数，这8位立即数可以由0-255之间的数循环右移(ror)而来。即这个数除以4，一直除，直到0-255范围内它为整数即可！例如0xF0000001是由0x1F循环右移4位而来。这样做是因为指令长度限制，不可能把32位立即数放在32位指令中，移位偶数也是此原因。例如合法常量有：0x3FC, 0xF0000000, 200, 0xF0000001；非法常量:0x1FE, 511, 0xFFFF, 0x1010, 0xF0000010等。但是MOV r0, #0xFFFFFFFF是合法的，因为等同于MVN r0, #0.

MOV r0,#4096是合法的，是因为4096可由0x40 ror 26而来。只要这些常量可由循环右移或者MVN产生，就是合法的。

If the required constant cannot be generated, an error will be reported.

Although the MOV/MVN mechanism will load a large range of constants into a register, sometimes this mechanism will not generate the required constant. Therefore, the assembler also provides a method which will load ANY 32 bit constant: LDR rd, = numeric constant.这种情况下，如果该常数可由MOV或MVN来实现，则会产生效果等同的MVN/MOV指令。Otherwise, the assembler will produce an LDR instruction with a PC-relative address to read the constant from a literal pool.

LDR r0, =0x42               ;generates MOV r0, #0x42

LDR r0, =0x55555555   ;generate LDR r0, [pc, offset to literal pool]

 

 

• Branch instructions

Branch :                     B{<cond>} label

Branch with Link:      BL{<cond>} sub_routine_label

The offset for branch instructions is calculated by the assembler:By taking the difference between the branch instruction and the target address minus 8(to allow for the pipeline). This gives a 26 bit offset which is right shifted 2 bits(as the bottom two bits are always zero as instructions are word-aligned) and store into the instruction encoding. This gives a range of 32M bytes 

 

·          Multiplication Instructions

The basic ARM provides two multiplication instructions.

Multiply: MUL{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rm, Rs            ;Rd = Rm * Rs

Multiply Accumulate: MLA{<cond>}{S}Rd, Rm,Rs,Rn ;Rd =(Rm*Rs)+Rn

Restrictions on use: Rd and Rm connot be the same register, can be avoid by swapping Rm and Rs aroud. This works because multiplication is commutative

 

乘法指令与乘加指令共有6条：

 

指令	描述	格式
MUL	32 位元乘方指令	MUL{<cond>}{S}Rd,Rm,Rs
MLA	32 位元乘加指令	MLA{<cond>}{S}Rd,Rm,Rs,Rn
SMULL	64 位元有符号数乘法指令	SMULL{<cond>}{S}RdLo,RdHi,Rm,Rs
SMLAL	64 位元有符号数乘加指令	SMLAL{<cond>}{S}RdLo,RdHi,Rm,Rs
UMULL	64 位元无符号数乘法指令	UMULL{<cond>}{S}RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs
UMLAL	64 位元无符号数乘加指令	UMLAL{<cond>}{S}RdLo,RdHi, Rm,Rs