十三、linux curl详解

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最新推荐文章于 2023-06-14 17:21:28 发布

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以下为官方文档，本人曾经翻译为中文，但本人的英文翻译不好，也许只有自己看得懂，所以，还是以英文描述最为准确。

13.1 curl

1. Download a Single File

The following command will get the content ofthe URL and display it in the STDOUT (i.e on your terminal).

$ curl http://www.centos.org

To store the output in a file, you an redirectit as shown below. This will also display some additional download statistics.

$ curl http://www.centos.org > centos-org.html

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current

                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

100 27329    0 27329    0     0   104k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  167k

2. Save the cURL Output to a file

We can save the result of the curl command toa file by using -o/-O options.

§ -o (lowercase o)the result will be saved in the filename provided in the command line

§ -O (uppercase O)the filename in the URL will be taken and it will be used as the filename tostore the result

$ curl -o mygettext.html http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

Now the page gettext.html will be saved in thefile named ‘mygettext.html’. You can also note that when running curl with -ooption, it displays the progress meter for the download as follows.

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current

                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

 66 1215k   66  805k    0     0  33060      0  0:00:37  0:00:24  0:00:13 45900

100 1215k  100 1215k    0     0  39474      0  0:00:31  0:00:31 --:--:-- 68987

When you use curl -O(uppercase O), it will save the content in the file named ‘gettext.html’ itselfin the local machine.

$ curl -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

Note: When curl has towrite the data to the terminal, it disables the Progress Meter, to avoidconfusion in printing. We can use ‘>’|’-o’|’-O’ options to move the resultto a file.

Similar to cURL, you can also use wget to download files.Refer to wget examplesto understand how to use wget effectively.

3. Fetch Multiple Files at a time

We can download multiple files in a single shot by specifyingthe URLs on the command line.
Syntax:

$ curl -O URL1 -O URL2

The below command willdownload both index.html and gettext.html and save it in the same name underthe current directory.

$ curl -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/index.html -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

Please note that whenwe download multiple files from a same sever as shown above, curl will try tore-use the connection.

4. Follow HTTP Location Headers with -L option

By default CURLdoesn’t follow the HTTP Location headers. It is also termed as Redirects. Whena requested web page is moved to another place, then an HTTP Location headerwill be sent as a Response and it will have where the actual web page islocated.

For example, whensomeone types google.com in the browser from India, it will be automaticallyredirected to ‘google.co.in’. This is done based on the HTTP Location header asshown below.

$ curl http://www.google.com

<TITLE>302 Moved</TITLE>

<H1>302 Moved</H1>

The document has moved

<A HREF="http://www.google.co.in/">here</A>

The above output saysthat the requested document is moved to ‘http://www.google.co.in/’.

We can insists curl tofollow the redirection using -L option, as shown below. Now it will downloadthe google.co.in’s html source code.

$ curl -L http://www.google.com

5. Continue/Resume a Previous Download

Using curl -C option,you can continue a download which was stopped already for some reason. Thiswill be helpful when you download large files, and the download gotinterrupted.

If we say ‘-C -‘, thencurl will find from where to start resuming the download. We can also give anoffset ‘-C <offset>’. The given offset bytes will be skipped from thebeginning for the source file.

Start a big downloadusing curl, and press Ctrl-C to stop it in between the download.

$ curl -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

##############             20.1%

Note: -# is used todisplay a progress bar instead of a progress meter.

Now the above downloadwas stopped at 20.1%. Using “curl -C -“, we can continue the download fromwhere it left off earlier. Now the download continues from 20.1%.

curl -C - -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

###############            21.1%

6. Limit the Rate of Data Transfer

You can limit theamount at which the data gets transferred using –limit-rate option. You canspecify the maximum transfer rate as argument.

$ curl --limit-rate 1000B -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

The above command islimiting the data transfer to 1000 Bytes/second. curl may use higher transferrate for short span of time. But on an average, it will come around to1000B/second.

The following was theprogress meter for the above command. You can see that the current speed isnear to the 1000 Bytes.

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current

                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

  1 1215k    1 13601    0     0    957      0  0:21:40  0:00:14  0:21:26   999

  1 1215k    1 14601    0     0    960      0  0:21:36  0:00:15  0:21:21   999

  1 1215k    1 15601    0     0    962      0  0:21:34  0:00:16  0:21:18   999

7. Download a file only if it is modifiedbefore/after the given time

We can get the filesthat are modified after a particular time using -z option in curl. This willwork for both FTP & HTTP.

$ curl -z 21-Dec-11 http://www.example.com/yy.html

The above command willdownload the yy.html only if it is modified later than the given date and time

$ curl -z -21-Dec-11 http://www.example.com/yy.html

The above command willdownload the yy.html, if it is modified before than the given date and time.

Please refer ‘mancurl_getdate’ for the various syntax supported for the date expression

8. Pass HTTP Authentication in cURL

Sometime, websiteswill require a username and password to view the content ( can be done with.htaccess file ). With the help of -u option, we can pass those credentialsfrom cURL to the web server as shown below.

$ curl -u username:password URL

Note: By default curluses Basic HTTP Authentication. We can specify other authentication methodusing –ntlm | –digest.

9. Download Files from FTP server

cURL can also be usedto download files from FTP servers. If the given FTP path is a directory, bydefault it will list the files under the specific directory.

$ curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -O ftp://ftp_server/public_html/xss.php

The above command willdownload the xss.php file from the ftp server and save it in the localdirectory.

$ curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -O ftp://ftp_server/public_html/

Here, the given URLrefers to a directory. So cURL will list all the files and directories underthe given URL

If you are new to FTP/sFTP, refer ftp sftp tutorial for beginners.

10. List/Download using Ranges

cURL supports rangesto be given in the URL. When a range is given, files matching within the rangewill be downloaded. It will be helpful to download packages from the FTP mirrorsites.

$ curl   ftp://ftp.uk.debian.org/debian/pool/main/[a-z]/

The above command willlist out all the packages from a-z ranges in the terminal.

11. Upload Files to FTP Server

Curl can also be usedto upload files to the FTP server with -T option.

$ curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T myfile.txt ftp://ftp.testserver.com

The above command willupload the file named myfile.txt to the FTP server. You can also uploadmultiple files at a same time using the range operations.

$ curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T "{file1,file2}" ftp://ftp.testserver.com

Optionally we can use“.” to get the input from STDIN and transfer to the remote.

$ curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T - ftp://ftp.testserver.com/myfile_1.txt

The above command willget the input from the user from Standard Input and save the contents in theftp server under the name ‘myfile_1.txt’.

You can provide one‘-T’ for each URL and the pair specifies what to upload where.

12. More Information using Verbose and TraceOption

You can get to knowwhat is happening using the -v option. -v option enable the verbose mode and itwill print the details

curl -v http://google.co.in

The about command willoutput the following

* About to connect() to www.google.co.in port 80 (#0)

*   Trying 74.125.236.56... connected

* Connected to www.google.co.in (74.125.236.56) port 80 (#0)

> GET / HTTP/1.1

> User-Agent: curl/7.21.0 (i486-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.21.0 OpenSSL/0.9.8o zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.15 libssh2/1.2.6

> Host: www.google.co.in

> Accept: */*

* HTTP 1.0, assume close after body

< HTTP/1.0 200 OK

< Date: Tue, 10 Apr 2012 11:18:39 GMT

< Expires: -1

< Cache-Control: private, max-age=0

< Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1

< Set-Cookie: PREF=ID=7c497a6b15cc092d:FF=0:TM=1334056719:LM=1334056719:S=UORpBwxFmTRkbXLj; expires=Thu, 10-Apr-2014 11:18:39 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.co.in

If you need moredetailed information then you can use the –trace option. The trace option willenable a full trace dump of all incoming/outgoing data to the given file

=> Send header, 169 bytes (0xa9)

0000: 47 45 54 20 2f 20 48 54 54 50 2f 31 2e 31 0d 0a GET / HTTP/1.1..

0010: 55 73 65 72 2d 41 67 65 6e 74 3a 20 63 75 72 6c User-Agent: curl

..

0060: 2e 32 2e 33 2e 34 20 6c 69 62 69 64 6e 2f 31 2e .2.3.4 libidn/1.

0070: 31 35 20 6c 69 62 73 73 68 32 2f 31 2e 32 2e 36 15 libssh2/1.2.6

0080: 0d 0a 48 6f 73 74 3a 20 77 77 77 2e 67 6f 6f 67 ..Host: www.goog

0090: 6c 65 2e 63 6f 2e 69 6e 0d 0a 41 63 63 65 70 74 le.co.in..Accept

00a0: 3a 20 2a 2f 2a 0d 0a 0d 0a                      : */*....

== Info: HTTP 1.0, assume close after body

<= Recv header, 17 bytes (0x11)

0000: 48 54 54 50 2f 31 2e 30 20 32 30 30 20 4f 4b 0d HTTP/1.0 200 OK.

0010: 0a

This verbose and traceoption will come in handy when curl fails due to some reason and we don’t knowwhy.

13. Get Definition of a Word using DICTProtocol

You can use cURL toget the definition for a word with the help of DICT protocol. We need to pass aDictionary Server URL to it.

$ curl dict://dict.org/d:bash

The above command willlist the meaning for bash as follows

151 "Bash" gcide "The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48"

Bash \Bash\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Bashed}; p. pr. & vb. n.

   {Bashing}.] [Perh. of imitative origin; or cf. Dan. baske to

   strike, bask a blow, Sw. basa to beat, bas a beating.]

   To strike heavily; to beat; to crush. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

   --Hall Caine.

   [1913 Webster]

         Bash her open with a rock.               --Kipling.

   [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

151 "Bash" gcide "The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48"

Bash \Bash\, n.

   1. a forceful blow, especially one that does damage to its

      target.

      [PJC]

Now you can see thatit uses “The Collaborative International Dictionary of English”. There are manydictionaries are available. We can list all the dictionaries using

$ curl dict://dict.org/show:db

jargon "The Jargon File (version 4.4.7, 29 Dec 2003)"

foldoc "The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (26 July 2010)"

easton "Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary"

hitchcock "Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's)"

bouvier "Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Revised 6th Ed (1856)"

Now in-order to findthe actual meaning of Bash in computer we can search for bash in “foldoc”dictionary as follows

$ curl dict://dict.org/d:bash:foldoc

The result will be,

bash

   Bourne Again SHell.  {GNU}'s {command interpreter} for {Unix}.

   Bash is a {Posix}-compatible {shell} with full {Bourne shell}

   syntax, and some {C shell} commands built in.  The Bourne

   Again Shell supports {Emacs}-style command-line editing, job

   control, functions, and on-line help.  Written by Brian Fox of

   {UCSB}.

For more details with regard to DICT please read RFC2229

14. Use Proxy to Download a File

We can specify cURL touse proxy to do the specific operation using -x option. We need to specify thehost and port of the proxy.

$ curl -x proxysever.test.com:3128 http://google.co.in

15. Send Mail using SMTP Protocol

cURL can also be usedto send mail using the SMTP protocol. You should specify the from-address,to-address, and the mailserver ip-address as shown below.

$ curl --mail-from blah@test.com --mail-rcpt foo@test.com smtp://mailserver.com

Once the above commandis entered, it will wait for the user to provide the data to mail. Once you’vecomposed your message, type . (period) as the last line, which will send theemail immediately.