SEI是什么? CMM? CMMI? ISO? IEEE? ANSI? 这些有什么

What is SEI? CMM? CMMI? ISO? IEEE? ANSI? Will it help?

• SEI = 'Software Engineering Institute' at Carnegie-Mellon University; initiated by the U.S. Defense Department to help improve software development processes.
• CMM = 'Capability Maturity Model', now called the CMMI ('Capability Maturity Model Integration'), developed by the SEI. It's a model of 5 levels of process 'maturity' that determine effectiveness in delivering quality software. It is geared to large organizations such as large U.S. Defense Department contractors. However, many of the QA processes involved are appropriate to any organization, and if reasonably applied can be helpful. Organizations can receive CMMI ratings by undergoing assessments by qualified auditors.

       Level 1 - characterized by chaos, periodic panics, and heroic
                 efforts required by individuals to successfully
                 complete projects.  Few if any processes in place;
                 successes may not be repeatable.

       Level 2 - software project tracking, requirements management,
                 realistic planning, and configuration management
                 processes are in place; successful practices can
                 be repeated.

       Level 3 - standard software development and maintenance   processes are integrated throughout an organization; a Software
                 Engineering Process Group is is in place to oversee
                 software processes, and training programs are used to               ensure understanding and compliance.
       Level 4 - metrics are used to track productivity, processes,
                 and products.  Project performance is predictable,
                 and quality is consistently high.

       Level 5 - the focus is on continouous process improvement. The
                 impact of new processes and technologies can be
                 predicted and effectively implemented when required.


      Perspective on CMM ratings:  During 1997-2001, 1018 organizations were assessed.  Of those, 27% were rated at Level 1, 39% at 2,23% at 3, 6% at 4, and  5% at 5.  (For ratings during the period  1992-96, 62% were at Level 1, 23% at 2, 13% at 3, 2% at 4, and 0.4% at 5.)  The median size of organizations was 100 software 
      engineering/maintenance personnel; 32% of organizations were 
      U.S. federal contractors or agencies.  For those rated at 
      Level 1, the most problematical key process area was in 
      Software Quality Assurance.

• ISO = 'International Organisation for Standardization' - The ISO 9001:2000 standard (which replaces the previous standard of 1994) concerns quality systems that are assessed by outside auditors, and it applies to many kinds of production and manufacturing organizations, not just software. It covers documentation, design, development, production, testing, installation, servicing, and other processes. The full set of standards consists of: (a)Q9001-2000 - Quality Management Systems: Requirements; (b)Q9000-2000 - Quality Management Systems: Fundamentals and Vocabulary; (c)Q9004-2000 - Quality Management Systems: Guidelines for Performance Improvements. To be ISO 9001 certified, a third-party auditor assesses an organization, and certification is typically good for about 3 years, after which a complete reassessment is required. Note that ISO certification does not necessarily indicate quality products - it indicates only that documented processes are followed. Also see http://www.iso.org/ for the latest information. In the U.S. the standards can be purchased via the ASQ web site at http://e-standards.asq.org/
• IEEE = 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' - among other things, creates standards such as 'IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation' (IEEE/ANSI Standard 829), 'IEEE Standard of Software Unit Testing (IEEE/ANSI Standard 1008), 'IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans' (IEEE/ANSI Standard 730), and others.
• ANSI = 'American National Standards Institute', the primary industrial standards body in the U.S.; publishes some software-related standards in conjunction with the IEEE and ASQ (American Society for Quality).
• Other software development/IT management process assessment methods besides CMMI and ISO 9000 include SPICE, Trillium, TickIT, Bootstrap, ITIL, MOF, and CobiT.
• See the 'Other Resources' section for further information available on the web.

SET是'Software Engineering Institute（软件工程研究院）'的简写，为卡耐基.梅隆大学的软件工程研究院，是被美国国防部为提高软件开发过程而建立的。
CMM是'Capability Maturity Model（能力成熟度模型）'的简写，现在被称为CMMI（'Capability Maturity Model Integration'（能力成熟度模型集成）），是被SEI提出的。它是用来判断企业交付高品质软件的能力的5个级别。它被运用在大的公司或组织，如美国国防部作，作为软件采购的依据。然而，
QA的过程也适合其它一些组织，进行合理运用也能为公司带来好处。企业通过专业的评审师审核获得相应的级别。
（1）、初始级－杂乱无章的，经常出现忙乱，往往依靠个人的能力完成项目，基本上没有确定的过程，成功是不能重复的。
（2）、重复级－采用软件项目跟踪、需求管理、软件项目规划、配置管理，可以在以后运用成功的经验。
（3）、已定义级－采用标准的软件开发过程和维护过程，进行集成管理；软件工程过程小组审查软件过程，组织培训使组织协调一致。
（4）、已管理级－对产品进行度量并进行跟踪，实施软件质量管理和定量过程管理。可以对项目进行规划并且执行质量方针。
（5）、优化级－重点是持续的进行过程改进。过程改进可控，技术改进能够被量化、评估，进行必要的技术改进和优化。
        
      CMM的审核统计：在1997-2001，1018个企业参加了评估。其中，处于1级的占27%,2级的占39%,3级的占23%，4级的占6%，5级的占5%（1992-1996的统计为
      1级是占62%，2级占23%，3级占13%，4级占2%，5级的占0.4%）。中等企业的规模为100个软件工程师/维护人员；32%的公司都是美国国防部的承包方或代理方、对于
      在1级的企业，问题最多的关键过程域是在软件质量保证。
     
ISO是'International Organisation for Standardization（国际标准化组织）'简写。ISO9001:2000标准（替代1994的版本）涉及的质量系统是被外部的审核人员评估的。它运用到很多产品生产企业和制造企业，不只是软件行业。它包括文档、涉及、开发、生产、测试、安装、服务和其它过程。全部的标准包括：(a)Q9001-2000－质量管理系统：需求(b)Q9000-2000 -质量管理系统：基础和构造；(c)Q9004-2000 - 质量管理系统：-执行改进手册；要通过ISO9001认证，需要一个第三方的评估公司，认证有效期为3年，3年后需要重新进行评估。注意ISO认证不仅仅是产品质量－必需有与之对应的文档、请察看http://www.iso.org/ 获得更新的信息。在美国，该标准也可以通过http://e-standards.asq.org/ 网站进行购买。

IEEE为'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers（电子和电子工程师协会）' 的简写。没有其它的，只是创建标准，例如：'IEEE软件测试标准文档（IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation）' (IEEE/ANSI Standard 829), 'IEEE软件单元测试标准（IEEE Standard of Software Unit Testing） (IEEE/ANSI Standard 1008), 'IEEE软件质量保证计划（IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans）' (IEEE/ANSI Standard 730),和其它的标准。

ANSI 是 'American National Standards Institute（美国国家标准协会）'的简写。美国主要的工业标准组织，与IEEE和ASQ(American Society for Quality)一起制订一些软件相关的标准。
其它的软件开发/IT管理过程评估方法除了CMMI和ISO9000外，还有SPICE、Trillium, TickIT, Bootstrap, ITIL, MOF, and CobiT。