linux下c/c++编程--学习笔记（头文件）

一些常用头文件
功能描述： 
获取当前内核名称和其它信息。
用法： 
#include <sys/utsname.h>
extern int uname (struct utsname *__name) __THROW;

参数： 
__name：指向存放系统信息的缓冲区，原型如下
struct utsname
  { char sysname[_UTSNAME_SYSNAME_LENGTH];//当前操作系统名
   char nodename[_UTSNAME_NODENAME_LENGTH];//网络上的名称
   char release[_UTSNAME_RELEASE_LENGTH];//当前发布级别
   char version[_UTSNAME_VERSION_LENGTH];//当前发布版本
   char machine[_UTSNAME_MACHINE_LENGTH];//当前硬件体系类型
#if _UTSNAME_DOMAIN_LENGTH - 0
    /* Name of the domain of this node on the network.  */
# ifdef __USE_GNU
    char domainname[_UTSNAME_DOMAIN_LENGTH]; //当前域名
# else
    char __domainname[_UTSNAME_DOMAIN_LENGTH];
# endif
#endif
  };
返回说明： 
成功执行时，返回0。失败返回-1，errno被设为EFAULT，表示buf无效。

//
 #include <unistd.h>
　　是POSIX标准定义的unix类系统定义符号常量的头文件，包含了许多UNIX系统服务的函数原型，例如read函数、write函数和getpid函数
　　#ifndef _UNISTD_H
　　#define _UNISTD_H
　　#include <features.h>
　　unistd.h含有的常量与函数：
　　ssize_t read(int, void *, size_t);
　　int unlink(const char *);
　　ssize_t write(int, const void *, size_t);
　　int usleep(useconds_t);
　　unsigned sleep(unsigned);
　　int access(const char *, int);
　　unsigned alarm(unsigned);
　　int chdir(const char *);
　　int chown(const char *, uid_t, gid_t);
　　int close(int);
　　size_t confstr(int, char *, size_t);
　　void _exit(int);
　　pid_t fork(void);
　　NULL // Null pointer
　　SEEK_CUR // Set file offset to current plus offset.
　　SEEK_END // Set file offset to EOF plus offset.
　　SEEK_SET // Set file offset to offset.

//

 #include <sys/ty pes.h>

基本系统数据类型

是Unix/Linux系统的基本系统数据类型的头文件，含有size_t，time_t，pid_t等类型。

NAME
       sys pes.h - data types

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys pes.h>

DESCRIPTION
       The <sys pes.h> header shall include definitions for at least the following types:

       blkcnt_t
              Used for file block counts.

       blksize_t
              Used for block sizes.

       clock_t
              Used for system times in clock ticks or CLOCKS_PER_SEC; see <time.h> .

       clockid_t
              Used for clock ID type in the clock and timer functions.

       dev_t  Used for device IDs.

       fsblkcnt_t
              Used for file system block counts.

       fsfilcnt_t
              Used for file system file counts.

       gid_t  Used for group IDs.

       id_t   Used as a general identifier; can be used to contain at least a pid_t, uid_t, or gid_t.

       ino_t  Used for file serial numbers.

       key_t  Used for XSI interprocess communication.

       mode_t Used for some file attributes.

       nlink_t
              Used for link counts.

       off_t  Used for file sizes.

       pid_t  Used for process IDs and process group IDs.

       size_t Used for sizes of objects.

       ssize_t
              Used for a count of bytes or an error indication.

       suseconds_t
              Used for time in microseconds.

       time_t Used for time in seconds.

       timer_t
              Used for timer ID returned by timer_create().

       trace_attr_t
              Used to identify a trace stream attributes object.

       trace_event_id_t
              Used to identify a trace event type.

       trace_event_set_t
              Used to identify a trace event type set.

       trace_id_t
              Used to identify a trace stream.

       uid_t  Used for user IDs.

       useconds_t
              Used for time in microseconds.

       All of the types shall be defined as arithmetic types of an appropriate length, with the following exceptions:

       key_t
       Additionally:

        * mode_t shall be an integer type.

        * nlink_t, uid_t, gid_t, and id_t shall be integer types.

        * blkcnt_t and off_t shall be signed integer types.

        * fsblkcnt_t, fsfilcnt_t,   and ino_t shall be defined as unsigned integer types.

        * size_t shall be an unsigned integer type.

        * blksize_t, pid_t, and ssize_t shall be signed integer types.

        * time_t and clock_t shall be integer or real-floating types. 

//

#i nclude<sys/stat.h>
int stat(const char *restrict pathname,struct stat *restrict buf);
int fstat(int fields,struct stat *buf);
int lstat(const char *restrict pathname,struct stat *restrict buf);


返回值:若成功则返回0,失败则返回-1


一旦给出pathname,stat函数就返回与此命名文件有关的信息结构，fstat函数获取已在描述符fields上打开文件的有关信息。
lstat函数类似于stat.但是当命名的文件是一个符号链接时，lstat返回该符号链接的有关信息，而不是由该符号链接引用文件
的信息。第二个参数buf是指针，它指向一个我们必须提供的结构，这些函数填写由buf指向的结构。该结构的实际定义可能随实现
有所不同.
   struct stat{
mode_t st_mode; //文件类型和权限信息
ino_t st_ino; //i结点标识
dev_t st_dev; //device number (file system)
dev_t st_rdev; //device number for special files
nlink_t st_nlink; //符号链接数
uid_t st_uid; //用户ID
gid_t st_gid; //组ID
off_t st_size; //size in bytes,for regular files
time_t st_st_atime; //最后一次访问的时间
time_t st_mtime; //文件内容最后一次被更改的时间
time_t st_ctime; //文件结构最后一次被更改的时间
blksize_t st_blksize; //best I/O block size
blkcnt_t st_blocks; //number of disk blocks allocated
};
文件类型：
普通文件，目录文件，块特殊文件，字符特殊文件，套接字，FIFO，符号链接.
文件类型信息包含在stat结构的st_mode成员中,可以用如下的宏确定文件类型,这些宏是stat结构中的st_mode成员.
S_ISREG();S_ISDIR();S_ISCHR();S_ISBLK();S_ISFIFO();S_ISLNK();S_ISSOCK()


示例:
     #i nclude<iostream>
     int main(int argc,char* argv[])
     {
         int i;
        struct stat buf;
        char * ptr;
       
        for(i=1;i<argc;i++)
         {
            if(lstat(argv[i],&buf)<0)
               {
                 perror(”错误原因是:”);
                 continue;
               }


            if (S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
                ptr=”普通文件”;
            if (S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode))
                ptr=”目录”;
           
            //……and so on…
           
           cout<<”参数为:”<<argv[i]<<”的标识是一个”<<ptr<<endl;
         }
        exit(0);
     }

pwd.h - password structure

SYNOPSIS

#include <pwd.h>

DESCRIPTION

The <pwd.h> header shall provide a definition for struct passwd, which shall include at least the following members:

char    *pw_name   User's login name. 
uid_t    pw_uid    Numerical user ID. 
gid_t    pw_gid    Numerical group ID. 
char    *pw_dir    Initial working directory. 
char    *pw_shell  Program to use as shell. 

The gid_t and uid_t types shall be defined as described in <sys/types.h> .

The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.

struct passwd *getpwnam(const char *);
struct passwd *getpwuid(uid_t);
[TSF]
int            getpwnam_r(const char *, struct passwd *, char *,
                   size_t, struct passwd **);
int            getpwuid_r(uid_t, struct passwd *, char *,
                   size_t, struct passwd **);

[XSI]
void           endpwent(void);
struct passwd *getpwent(void);
void           setpwent(void);

/

NAME

errno.h - system error numbers

SYNOPSIS

#include <errno.h>

DESCRIPTION

^[CX]   Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defers to the ISO C standard. 

^[CX]  The ISO C standard only requires the symbols [EDOM], [EILSEQ], and [ERANGE] to be defined. 

The <errno.h> header shall provide a declaration for errno and give positive values for the following symbolic constants. Their values shall be unique except as noted below.

[E2BIG]

Argument list too long.

[EACCES]

Permission denied.

[EADDRINUSE]

Address in use.

[EADDRNOTAVAIL]

Address not available.

[EAFNOSUPPORT]

Address family not supported.

[EAGAIN]

Resource unavailable, try again (may be the same value as [EWOULDBLOCK]).

[EALREADY]

Connection already in progress.

[EBADF]

Bad file descriptor.

[EBADMSG]

Bad message.

[EBUSY]

Device or resource busy.

[ECANCELED]

Operation canceled.

[ECHILD]

No child processes.

[ECONNABORTED]

Connection aborted.

[ECONNREFUSED]

Connection refused.

[ECONNRESET]

Connection reset.

[EDEADLK]

Resource deadlock would occur.

[EDESTADDRREQ]

Destination address required.

[EDOM]

Mathematics argument out of domain of function.

[EDQUOT]

Reserved.

[EEXIST]

File exists.

[EFAULT]

Bad address.

[EFBIG]

File too large.

[EHOSTUNREACH]

Host is unreachable.

[EIDRM]

Identifier removed.

[EILSEQ]

Illegal byte sequence.

[EINPROGRESS]

Operation in progress.

[EINTR]

Interrupted function.

[EINVAL]

Invalid argument.

[EIO]

I/O error.

[EISCONN]

Socket is connected.

[EISDIR]

Is a directory.

[ELOOP]

Too many levels of symbolic links.

[EMFILE]

Too many open files.

[EMLINK]

Too many links.

[EMSGSIZE]

Message too large.

[EMULTIHOP]

Reserved.

[ENAMETOOLONG]

Filename too long.

[ENETDOWN]

Network is down.

[ENETRESET]

Connection aborted by network.

[ENETUNREACH]

Network unreachable.

[ENFILE]

Too many files open in system.

[ENOBUFS]

No buffer space available.

[ENODATA]

^[XSR]   No message is available on the STREAM head read queue. 

[ENODEV]

No such device.

[ENOENT]

No such file or directory.

[ENOEXEC]

Executable file format error.

[ENOLCK]

No locks available.

[ENOLINK]

Reserved.

[ENOMEM]

Not enough space.

[ENOMSG]

No message of the desired type.

[ENOPROTOOPT]

Protocol not available.

[ENOSPC]

No space left on device.

[ENOSR]

^[XSR]   No STREAM resources. 

[ENOSTR]

^[XSR]   Not a STREAM. 

[ENOSYS]

Function not supported.

[ENOTCONN]

The socket is not connected.

[ENOTDIR]

Not a directory.

[ENOTEMPTY]

Directory not empty.

[ENOTSOCK]

Not a socket.

[ENOTSUP]

Not supported.

[ENOTTY]

Inappropriate I/O control operation.

[ENXIO]

No such device or address.

[EOPNOTSUPP]

Operation not supported on socket.

[EOVERFLOW]

Value too large to be stored in data type.

[EPERM]

Operation not permitted.

[EPIPE]

Broken pipe.

[EPROTO]

Protocol error.

[EPROTONOSUPPORT]

Protocol not supported.

[EPROTOTYPE]

Protocol wrong type for socket.

[ERANGE]

Result too large.

[EROFS]

Read-only file system.

[ESPIPE]

Invalid seek.

[ESRCH]

No such process.

[ESTALE]

Reserved.

[ETIME]

^[XSR]   Stream  ioctl() timeout. 

[ETIMEDOUT]

Connection timed out.

[ETXTBSY]

Text file busy.

[EWOULDBLOCK]

Operation would block (may be the same value as [EAGAIN]).

[EXDEV]

Cross-device link.