第三章:MFC六大关键技术之仿真:类型识别
深入理解MFC的内部运行原理,是本次学习《深入浅出MFC》的主要目的。要模仿的六大技术包括:
1:MFC程序的初始化过程。
2:RTTI(Runtime type identification)运行时类型识别。
3:Dynamic creation 动态创建
4:Persistence永久保存
5:消息映射
6:消息传递。
RTTI(运行时类型识别)
IsKindOf能够侦测某个对象是否属于某种类。即判断某一对象所属的类是否是父类或当前类;
要达到动态类型识别的能力,必须在构建类继承体系时记录必要的信息,这被称为类型型录表。MFC以链表的方式建立了此表。
类型型录表的每个元素为CRuntimeClass类型,其定义为:
- class CRuntimeClass
- {
- public:
- LPCSTR m_lpszClassName;//对象所属类名
- Int m_nObjectSize;//对象大小
- UINT m_wSchema;//模式号
- CObject *(PASCAL*m_pfnCreateObject)();//构建函数抽象类为NULL
- CRuntimeClass *pBaseClasss;//基类CRuntimeClass对象指针。
- Static CRuntimeClass *pFirstClass;//链表头指针。
- CRuntimeClass *m_pNextClass;//下一指针。
- };
MFC使用此类作为每个类的成员变量。使用宏定义为每个类定义了自己的CRuntimeClass成员变量。
DECLAR_DYNAMIC和IMPLENMENT_DYNAMIC宏
使用这两个宏将CRuntimeClass对象不知不觉放到类之中。
DECLARE_DYNMIC宏定义如下:
- #define DELCARE_DYNMIC ( class_name ) \
- public:\
- static CRuntimeClass class##class_name \
- virtual CRuntimeClass *GetRuntimeClass()const;
##用来告诉编译器把两个字符串连接起来。
如果使用这个宏:DELCARE_DYNMIC(CView);
那么预编译器将生成下列代码:
- public:
- static CRuntimeClass classCView;
- virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
以上代码仅仅是在类中定义CRuntimeClass对象,并定义一个返回CRuntimeClass对象地址的函数。注意CRuntimeClass是static的,也就是说同一种类继承体系的对象共享一个CRuntimeClass对象。
初始化对象的内容以及建立类型型录表需要使用IMPLEMENT_DYNMIC宏。
- #define IMPLEMENT_DYNMIC (class_name,base_class_name)\
- _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,NULL);
- _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS又是一个宏,它定义如下:
- #define _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,\
- base_class_name,wSchema,pfnNew)\
- static char _lpsz##class_name[]=#class_name;\
- CRuntimeClass class_name::class##class_name=\
- { _lpsz##class_name,sizeof(class_name),\
- wSchema,pfnNew,\
- RUNTIME_CLASS(base_class_name),NULL\
- };
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init##class_name \
- ( & class_name::class##class_name);\
- CRuntimeClass *class_name::GetRuntimeClass()const\
- {\
- return &class_name::class##classname;\
- }
- #define RUNTIME_CLASS(class_name)\
- ( &class_name::class##class_name);
AFX_CLASSINIT是一个类,看着跟宏定义似的,这样做很容易让人迷惑。它用于将本节点连接到类型型录表,定义如下:
- class AFX_CLASSINIT
- {
- public:
- AFX_CLASSINIT(CRuntimeClass*pNewClass)//构造函数
- {
- pNewClass->m_pNextClass=CRuntime::pFirstClass;
- CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass =pNewClass;
- }
- };
用法:
- class CWnd:public CCmdTarget
- {
- public:
- DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CWnd);
- };
IMPLEMENT_DYNMIC(CWnd,CCmdTarget);
代码展开后为;
- class CWnd:public CCmdTarget
- {
- public:
- static CRuntimeClass classCView;
- virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const
- };
- static char _lpszCWnd[]="CWnd";
- CRuntimeClass CWnd::classCWnd=
- {
- _lpszCView , sizeof(CWnd) , FFFF,NULL , &Wnd::classCWnd , NULL);
- };
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init_CWnd(&CWnd::classCWnd);
- {
- Return &CWnd::classCWnd;
- }
定义宏的过程很复杂,但是一旦定义好之后,在使用时仅仅两句话就可以完成定义CRuntimeClass对象并且连接类型型录链表的工作。
CObject是所有类的基类,也是链表的头,此类应特别定义,不能在CObject内使用定义好的宏。
- class CObject
- {
- public:
- virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
- static CRuntimeClass classCObject;
- };
- static char szCobject[]="CObject";
- struct CRuntimeClass CObject::classCObject=
- {
- szCObject ,sizeof(CObject),0xFFFF,NULL,NULL,NULL
- };
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init_CObject(&Cobject::classObject);
- CRuntimeClass *CObject::GetRuntimeClass()const
- {
- return &CObject::classCObject;
- }
由于CRuntimeClass对象是static成员变量,因此需要在类外初始化。如果忘记初始化将会报链接错误。
CRuntimeClass*CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass=NULL;
建好了类类型路表,要实现IsKindOf功能很容易。首先在CObject加上一个IsKindOf函数,于是所有继承自此类的类都具有类型识别的功能。能够将某个CRuntimeClass对象与类类型型录中的元素进行比较。如:
- class CObject
- {
- public:
- bool IsKindOf(const CRuntimeClass*pClass)const
- {
- CRuntimeClass *pClassThis=GetRuntimeClass();
- while(pClassThis)
- {
- if(pClassThis==pClass)
- return true;
- pClassThis=pClassThis->m_pBaseClass;//沿着基类寻找。
- }
- return false;
- }
- };
如果我们调用CWnd *cw=new CWnd;
cw->IsKindOf(RUNTIME_CLASS(CFrameWnd));
RUNTIME_CLASS实际就是&CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd,它就是CFrameWnd的static的CRuntimeClass类型成员。函数内利用GetRuntimeClass取得本类的CRuntimeClass对象的地址,即&CWnd::classCWnd,然后进行比较。因为每一类型共用一个static的CRuntimeClass对象,因此属于同于类的CRuntimeClass对象的地址相同。
动态创建
每一类的构建函数可以记录在类型别录中,当获得一个类名称,通过查找类别型录表找出对应的元素,然后调用其构建函数产生新对象。
在CRuntimeClass中m_pfnCreateObject即为构建函数首地址。
为了实现动态创建,需要添加两个宏:
DECLARE_DYNCREATE和IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE。
如:
- #define DECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\
- static CObject *PASCAL CreateObject();
- #define IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE (class_name,base_class_name)\
- CObject*PASCAL class_name::CreateObject()\
- {return new classname;};\
- _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,
- 0xFFFF,class_name::CreateObject)
以CFrameWnd为例,下列程序代码:
- class CFrameWnd:public CWnd
- {
- public:
- DECLEARE_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd);
- };
IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd,CWnd);
展开如下:
- class CFrame:public CWnd
- {
- public:
- static CRuntimeClass classCFrameWnd;
- virtual CRuntimeClass *GetRuntimeClass()const;
- static CObject *PASCAL CreateObject();
- };
- CObject _PASCAL CFrameWnd::CreateObject()
- {
- return new CFrameWnd;
- }
- static char _lpszCFrameWnd[]="CFrameWnd";
- CRuntimeClass CFrameClass::classCFrameWnd={
- _lpszCFrameWnd,sizeof(CFrameWnd),0xFFFF,CFrameWnd::CreateObject,RUNTIME_CALSS(CWnd),NULL};
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init_CFrameWnd
- (&CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd);
- CRuntimeClass*CFrameWnd::GetRunimeClass()const
- {return &CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd;}
注意对象构建函数为static函数。
为了支持动态创建需要在CRuntimeClass内添加两个函数:CreateObject和CRuntimeClass::Load成员函数。
- CObject *CRuntimeClass::CreateObject()
- {
- If(m_pfnCreateObject==NULL)//不支持动态创建。
- {
- throw runtime_error("此类不支持动态创建");
- Return NULL;
- }
- CObject*pObject=(*m_pfnCreateObject)();
- Return pObject;
- }
- CRuntimeClass*PASCL CRuntimeClass::Load()
- {
- Char szClassName[64];
- CRuntimeClass*pClass
- cout<<"输入一个类名:";
- cin>>szClassName;
- for(pClass=pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pNextClass)
- {
- if(strcmp(szClassName,pClass->m_lpszClassName)==0)
- return pClass;
- return NULL;
- }
- }
以下为类型识别及动态创建的完整代码:
- <span style="font-size:18px;">#include<iostream>
- #include<windows.h>
- #include<string>
- using namespace std;
- class CObject;
- class CRuntimeClass
- {
- public:
- char* m_lpszClassName;//对象所属类名
- int m_nObjectSize;//对象大小
- int m_wSchema;//模式号
- CObject*(PASCAL*m_pfnCreateObject)();//构建函数,抽象类为NULL
- CRuntimeClass *m_pBaseClasss;//基类CRuntimeClass对象指针。
- static CRuntimeClass *pFirstClass;//链表头指针。static
- CRuntimeClass *m_pNextClass;//下一指针。
- public:
- CObject*CreateObject()
- {
- if(m_pfnCreateObject==NULL)
- {
- cout<<"该类型不支持动态创建!!"<<endl;
- return NULL;
- }
- CObject*pClass=(*m_pfnCreateObject)();
- return pClass;
- }
- static CRuntimeClass*Load()
- {
- cout<<"请输入要动态创建的类名:";
- string s;
- cin>>s;
- for(CRuntimeClass*pClass=pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pBaseClasss)
- {
- if(pClass->m_lpszClassName==s)
- {
- return pClass;
- }
- }
- return NULL;
- }
- };
- class AFX_CLASSINIT
- {
- public:
- AFX_CLASSINIT(CRuntimeClass*pNewClass)//构造函数
- {
- pNewClass->m_pNextClass=CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass;
- CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass =pNewClass;
- }
- };
- /************************************************************************/
- /* 动态类型识别宏定义
- //与CRuntimeClass类中的构建函数相区别。此处的CreateObject函数在每个类中都以static成员函数存在,用以
- //初始化类型型录表,而CRuntimeClass中的CreateObject用于调用每个类的构建函数。仅仅是函数名相同罢了。*/
- /************************************************************************/
- #define DECLARE_DYNAMIC(class_name)\
- public:\
- static CRuntimeClass Class##class_name;\
- virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;\
- #define DECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\
- DECLARE_DYNAMIC(class_name)\
- static CObject*PASCAL CreateObject();\
- #define RUNTIME_CLASS(class_name)\
- (&class_name::Class##class_name)\
- #define _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,wSchema,pfnNew)\
- class CRuntimeClass class_name::Class##class_name ={\
- #class_name,\
- sizeof(class_name),wSchema,pfnNew,RUNTIME_CLASS(base_class_name),NULL};\
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init##class_name( RUNTIME_CLASS(class_name));\
- CRuntimeClass *class_name::GetRuntimeClass()const\
- {return &class_name::Class##class_name;}//此处将class_name写成了classname花了一两天才查出来。啊啊啊啊啊。20120605
- #define IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(class_name,base_class_name)\
- _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,NULL)\
- #define IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(class_name,base_class_name)\
- CObject*PASCAL class_name::CreateObject(){return new class_name;}\
- _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,class_name::CreateObject)\
- /************************************************************************/
- /* 对CObject特殊处理。 */
- /************************************************************************/
- class CObject
- {
- public:
- CObject()
- {
- //cout<<"CObject constructor!"<<endl;
- }
- ~CObject()
- {
- //cout<<"CObject destructor!"<<endl;
- }
- public:
- virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass();
- static CRuntimeClass ClassCObject;
- public:
- bool IsKindOf(CRuntimeClass*pClass)
- {
- CRuntimeClass *pThis=GetRuntimeClass();
- for(;pThis;pThis=pThis->m_pBaseClasss)
- {
- if(pThis==pClass)
- {
- return true;
- }
- }
- return false;
- }
- };
- class CRuntimeClass CObject:: ClassCObject=
- {
- "CObject",sizeof(CObject),0xFFFF,NULL,NULL,NULL
- };
- static AFX_CLASSINIT _init_CObject(&CObject:: ClassCObject);
- CRuntimeClass *CObject::GetRuntimeClass()
- {
- return &CObject::ClassCObject;
- }
- CRuntimeClass*CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass=NULL;
- /************************************************************************/
- /* */
- /************************************************************************/
- class CCmdTarget:public CObject
- {
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CCmdTarget)
- public:
- CCmdTarget()
- {
- //cout<<"CCmdTarget constructor!"<<endl;
- //CreateObject();
- }
- ~CCmdTarget()
- {
- //cout<<"CCmdTarget destructor!"<<endl;
- }
- };
- IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CCmdTarget,CObject)
- ;
- class CWnd:public CCmdTarget
- {
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CWnd)
- public:
- CWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CWnd constructor"<<endl;
- }
- ~CWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CWnd destructor"<<endl;
- }
- public:
- virtual bool Create()
- {
- cout<<"CWnd::Create"<<endl;
- CreateEx();
- return true;
- }
- bool CreateEx()
- {
- cout<<"CWnd::CreateEx"<<endl;
- PreCreateWindow();
- return true;
- }
- virtual bool PreCreateWindow()
- {
- cout<<"CWnd::PreCreateWindow"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- };
- IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CWnd,CCmdTarget)
- class CView :public CWnd
- {
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CView)
- public:
- CView()
- {
- //cout<<"CView constructor"<<endl;
- }
- ~CView()
- {
- //cout<<"CView destructor"<<endl;
- }
- };
- IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CView,CWnd)
- class CFrameWnd:public CWnd
- {
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd)
- public:
- CFrameWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CFrameWnd constructor"<<endl;
- }
- ~CFrameWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CFrameWnd destructor"<<endl;
- }
- public:
- virtual bool Create()
- {
- cout<<"CFrameWnd::Create"<<endl;
- CreateEx();
- return true;
- }
- virtual bool PreCreateWindow()
- {
- cout<<"CFrameWnd::PreCreateWindow"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- };
- IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd,CWnd)
- class CWinThread:public CCmdTarget
- {
- public:
- CWinThread()
- {
- //cout<<"CWinThread constructor"<<endl;
- }
- ~CWinThread()
- {
- //cout<<"CWinThread destructor"<<endl;
- }
- public:
- virtual bool InitInstance()
- {
- cout<<"CWinThread::InitInstance"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- virtual bool Run()
- {
- cout<<"CWinThread::Run"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- };
- class CWinApp:public CWinThread
- {
- public:
- CWinApp()
- {
- //cout<<"CWinApp Constructor "<<endl;
- m_currentApp=this;
- }
- ~CWinApp()
- {
- //cout<<"CWinApp destructor "<<endl;
- }
- virtual bool InitApplication()
- {
- cout<<"CWinApp::InitApplication"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- virtual bool InitInstance()
- {
- cout<<"CWinApp:InitInstance"<<endl;
- return true;
- }
- virtual bool Run()
- {
- cout<<"CWinApp::Run"<<endl;
- return CWinThread::Run();
- }
- public:
- CWinApp*m_currentApp;
- CFrameWnd*m_currentFrameWnd;
- };
- class CDocument:public CCmdTarget
- {
- public:
- CDocument()
- {
- //cout<<"CDocument constructor "<<endl;
- }
- ~CDocument()
- {
- //cout<<"CDocunment destructor "<<endl;
- }
- };
- class CMyFrameWnd:public CFrameWnd
- {
- DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CMyFrameWnd)
- public:
- CMyFrameWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CMyFrameWnd constructor "<<endl;
- Create();
- }
- ~CMyFrameWnd()
- {
- //cout<<"CMyFrameWnd destructor "<<endl;
- }
- };
- IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CMyFrameWnd,CFrameWnd)
- class CMyWinApp:public CWinApp
- {
- public:
- CMyWinApp()
- {
- //cout<<"CMyWinApp constructor "<<endl;
- }
- ~CMyWinApp()
- {
- //cout<<"CMyWinApp destructor "<<endl;
- }
- public:
- bool InitInstance()
- {
- cout<<"CMyWinApp::InitInstance"<<endl;
- m_currentFrameWnd=new CMyFrameWnd;
- return true;
- }
- };
- CMyWinApp myApp;
- CWinApp*AfxGetApp()
- {
- return myApp.m_currentApp;
- }
- int main(int argc,char**argv)
- {
- CWinApp *pApp=AfxGetApp();
- pApp->InitApplication();
- pApp->InitInstance();
- pApp->Run();
- CRuntimeClass *pClass;
- CObject *pOb;
- cout<<"以下为类型型录链表中的所有类的名称:"<<endl;
- for(pClass=CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pBaseClasss)
- {
- cout<<pClass->m_lpszClassName<<endl;
- }
- while(1)
- {
- pClass=CRuntimeClass::Load();
- if(!pClass)
- {
- cout<<"找不到此类!!!"<<endl;
- }
- else
- {
- pOb=pClass->CreateObject();
- if(pOb)
- {
- cout<<"创建成功!"<<endl;
- }
- }
- }
- return 0;
- }</span>