10分钟入门Go lang

 

公司建议我们改用Go开发microService已经有一段时间了，因为项目时间紧，没有把已有的services重写，但是如果再写新service，要尽量用Go了。以前曾经过了一遍官方网站的基础教程，几个月后就完全不记得了，所以总结一下知识点，以便有需要时能迅速复习。不必记住语法细节，知道语言的特点，能做什么，更重要，具体语法Stack Overflow一搜就有了。

 

Table of Contents

https://golang.org/doc/

Tutorial: Getting started

写代码并使用go run

Call code in an external package

使用Module

Create a Go module

Call your code from another module

Return and handle an error

Return a random greeting

Return greetings for multiple people

Add a test

Compile and install the application

A Tour of Go

---

 

https://golang.org/doc/

• concurrency
• garbage collection
• run-time reflection
• fast
• statically typed
• compiled language that feels like a dynamically typed, interpreted language

Tutorial: Getting started

https://golang.org/doc/tutorial/getting-started

写代码并使用go run

用package组织代码
有一些standard library packages，比如fmt
A main function executes by default when you run code in the file

$ go run hello.go
Hello, World!

👆 看起来确实有点像解释执行

查看help：

go help

Call code in an external package

去这里找packages，https://pkg.go.dev/
不用下载什么的，直接import就行，要创建go.mod。When your code imports packages from another module, a go.mod file lists the specific modules and versions providing those packages.

$ go mod init hello
go: creating new go.mod: module hello

👆 这里的hello是module name，不是package name，注意区分

$ go run hello.go
go: finding module for package rsc.io/quote
go: downloading rsc.io/quote v1.5.2
go: found rsc.io/quote in rsc.io/quote v1.5.2
go: downloading rsc.io/sampler v1.3.0
go: downloading golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c
Don't communicate by sharing memory, share memory by communicating.

这里是go run时download package的，Matt：那production肯定不是这么干，肯定有命令来做build，然后有命令来只是run

使用Module

A tutorial of short topics introducing functions, error handling, arrays, maps, unit testing, and compiling.

Create a Go module

https://golang.org/doc/tutorial/create-module

Your package's module specifies the context Go needs to run the code, including the Go version the code is written for and the set of other modules it requires.

$ go mod init example.com/greetings
go: creating new go.mod: module example.com/greetings

in production code, this would be the URL from which your module can be downloaded. Matt：我理解是说我们要在这里host我们的module。问题，可否不以源码形式而是以binary形式发布？

现在这个go.mod文件只是包含名字和go lang版本，But as you add dependencies -- meaning packages from other modules -- the go.mod file will list the specific module versions to use.

:=是个syntax sugar，并且它可以infer type

message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)

相当于

var message string
message = fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)

Call your code from another module

In Go, code executed as an application must go in a main package. 所以calling side需要是一个main package
运行go mod init hello后，要改一改go.mod，让它能找到greetings module（因为我们没有真的发布greetings module，没有在example.com/greetings host它）：
replace example.com/greetings => ../greetings
然后运行go build，它会创建出可执行文件，并给go.mod加上如下：

require example.com/greetings v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000

如果是用的published的module，会是这样：

require example.com/greetings v1.1.0

那我如果想自己指定用哪个版本的module呢？

Return and handle an error

package greetings

import (
    "errors"
    "fmt"
)

// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
    // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
    if name == "" {
        return "", errors.New("empty name")
    }

    // If a name was received, return a value that embeds the name 
    // in a greeting message.
    message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
    return message, nil
}

Take aways：

• 用errors package
• 可以return tuple
• nil

Caller code里，使用log package的log.Fatal(err)来print并终止运行

$ go build
$ ./hello 
greetings: empty name

或者用go run，用go run可以看到exit status

$ go run hello
greetings: empty name
exit status 1

error是个interface，后面别的教程会讲到。

Return a random greeting

A slice is like an array, except that it's dynamically sized as you add and remove items.

formats := []string{
    "Hi, %v. Welcome!",
    "Great to see you, %v!",
    "Hail, %v! Well met!",
}

后面别的教程会讲到slice，slice有个underlying array

还用到了math.rand package

Return greetings for multiple people

上小节讲了slice，这里讲了map
发现在hello folder里运行go build，如果它的dependency greetings moudle有改动，也会被build

Add a test

Go has built-in support for unit testing
命名规则，文件叫_test.go，case叫TestXXX。Also, test functions take a pointer to the testing package's testing.T as a parameter，用于reporting和logging
运行go test或go test -v

Compile and install the application

Discover the Go install path，用go list -f '{{.Target}}'
Add the Go install directory to your system's shell path，这样就可以直接run install了的程序了；或者可以改go install directory
然后运行go install
Matt：和我go build，然后得到的binary有区别吗？不知go build的结果，是不是已经包含了dependent package进去，试了一下能否挪动了再run，是可以的

A Tour of Go

https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1

 

实在写不下去了，CSDN的编辑器太难用了 😿