Spring常用注解总结

传统的Spring做法是使用.xml文件来对bean进行注入或者是配置aop、事物,这么做有两个缺点:

1. 如果所有的内容配置在.xml文件中,那么.xml文件将会十分庞大;如果按需求分开.xml文件,那么.xml文件又会非常多。总之这将导致配置文件的可读性与可维护性变得很低。

2. 开发中在.java和.xml文件之间不断切换,相对麻烦,同时也会降低开发效率;

为了解决以上两个问题,Spring引入注解,通过“@xxx”的方式,让注解与java bean紧密结合,既大大减少了配置文件的体积,又增加了java bean的可读性与内聚性。

①不使用注解:

先定义一个老虎:

package com.spring.model;

public class Tiger {
    
    private String tigerName="TigerKing";
    
    public String toString(){
        return "TigerName:"+tigerName;
    }
}

再定义一个猴子:

package com.spring.model;

public class Monkey {
    
    private String monkeyName = "MonkeyKing";
    
    public String toString(){
        return "MonkeyName:" + monkeyName;
    }

}

定义一个动物园:

package com.spring.model;

public class Zoo {
    private Tiger tiger;
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public Tiger getTiger() {
        return tiger;
    }
    public void setTiger(Tiger tiger) {
        this.tiger = tiger;
    }
    public Monkey getMonkey() {
        return monkey;
    }
    public void setMonkey(Monkey monkey) {
        this.monkey = monkey;
    }
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    
}

Spring的配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
    xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
    ">
    
     <bean id="zoo" class="com.spring.model.Zoo" >
        <property name="tiger" ref="tiger" />
        <property name="monkey" ref="monkey" />
    </bean>
    
    <bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" />
    <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" />

</beans>

测试:

public class TestAnnotation {
    /**
     * 不使用注解
     */
    @Test
    public void test(){
        //读取配置文件
        ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml");
        Zoo zoo=(Zoo) ctx.getBean("zoo");
        System.out.println(zoo.toString());
    }
}

②使用@Autowired

@Autowired顾名思义就是自动装配,其作用是为了消除java代码里getter/setter与bean属性中的property。当然,如果私有属性需要对外提供的话,getter应该保留。

@Autowired默认按类型匹配的方式,在容器查找匹配的bean,当有且仅有一个匹配的bean时,spring将其注入@Autowired标注的变量中。

Spring配置文件如下:

1  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 2 <beans
 3     xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 4     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 5     xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
 6     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
 7     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
 8     http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
 9     http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
10     http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
11     ">
12     
13     <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring" />
14     
15     <bean id="zoo" class="com.spring.model.Zoo" />
16     <bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" />
17     <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" />
18 
19 </beans>

使用时必须告诉Spring一下,我要使用注解了,告诉的方式有很多,其中<context:component-scan base-package="xxx" />是最简单的一种,spring会自动扫描xxx路径下的注解。

原来zoo里面应当注入的两个属性tiger、monkey,现在不需要注入了。再看zoo.java,可以把getter/setter都可以去掉。

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Zoo {
    
    @Autowired
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Autowired
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    
}

这里@Autowired注解的意思就是,当spring发现@Autowired注解时,将自动在代码上下文中找到和其匹配(默认是类型匹配)的bean,并自动注入到相应的地方去。

有一个细节问题是,假如bean里面有两个property,zoo.java里面有去掉了属性的getter/setter,并使用@Autowired注解标注这两个属性会怎么样?答案是spring会按照xml优先的原则去zoo.java中寻找这两个属性的getter/setter,导致的结果就是初始化bean报错。

假设将.xml文件中以下两行去掉,再运行,会抛出异常。

<bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" />

 <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" />

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'zoo': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}

    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895)
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139)
    at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83)
    at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test(TestAnnotation.java:16)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386)
    at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282)
    ... 36 more
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:920)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:789)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474)
    ... 38 more


因为@Autowired注解要寻找的是一个bean,tiger和monkey的bean定义都给去掉了,自然就不是一个bean了,spring容器找不到。那么如果属性找不到,我不想spring容器抛出异常,而就是显示null,可以吗?可以的,异常信息里面也给出了提示,就是将@Autowired注解的required属性设置为false即可。




import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;


public class Zoo {
    
    @Autowired(required=false)
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Autowired(required=false)
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Zoo {
    
    @Autowired(required=false)
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Autowired(required=false)
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    
}

此时,找不到tiger、monkey两个属性,spring容器不再抛出异常而是认为这两个属性为null。

③ Qualifier(指定注入bean的名称)

如果容器中有一个以上匹配的bean,则可以通过@Qualifier注解限定bean的名称,例如,定义一个Car接口:

package com.spring.service;

public interface ICar {
    
    public String getCarName();
}

两个实现类BMWCar和BenzCar:

package com.spring.service.impl;

import com.spring.service.ICar;

public class BMWCar implements ICar{
    
    public String getCarName(){
        return "BMW car";
    }
}

package com.spring.service.impl;

import com.spring.service.ICar;

public class BenzCar implements ICar{
    
    public String getCarName(){
        return "Benz car";
    }
}
 

再写一个CarFactory,引用Car:

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

import com.spring.service.ICar;

public class CarFactory {
    
    @Autowired
    private ICar car;
    
    public String toString(){
        return car.getCarName();
    }
    
}

配置文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
    xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
    ">
    
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring" />
    
    <!-- Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解 -->
    <bean id="carFactory" class="com.spring.model.CarFactory" />
    <bean id="bmwCar" class="com.spring.service.impl.BMWCar" />
    <bean id="benz" class="com.spring.service.impl.BenzCar" />
    
</beans>

测试:

/**
 * Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解
 */
@Test
public void test1(){
    //读取配置文件
    ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml");
    CarFactory carFactory=(CarFactory) ctx.getBean("carFactory");
    System.out.println(carFactory.toString());
}

运行一下,一定是报错的,Car接口有两个实现类,spring并不知道应当引用哪个实现类。

org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'carFactory': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: 
Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException:
No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.
<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83) at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test1(TestAnnotation.java:25) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45) at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42) at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 36 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:796) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 38 more

出现这种情况通常有两种解决办法:

1)在配置文件中删除其中一个实现类,spring会自动去base-package下寻找Car接口的实现类,发现Car接口只有一个实现类,便会直接引用这个实现类。

2)实现类就是多个该怎么办?此时可以使用@Qualifier注解来指定bean的名称:

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;

import com.spring.service.ICar;

public class CarFactory {
    
    @Autowired
    @Qualifier("bmwCar")
    private ICar car;
    
    public String toString(){
        return car.getCarName();
    }
    
}

此处会注入名为“bmwCar”的bean.

④ Resource

@Resource注解与@Autowired注解作用非常相似,例如:

package com.spring.model;

import javax.annotation.Resource;

public class Zoo1 {
    
    @Resource(name="tiger")
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Resource(type=Monkey.class)
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
}

说一下@Resource的装配顺序:

1)@Resource后面没有任何内容,默认通过name属性去匹配bean,找不到再按type去匹配

2)指定了name或者type则根据指定的类型区匹配bean

3) 指定了name和type则根据指定的name和type去匹配bean,任何一个不匹配都将报错。

然后区分一下@Autowired和@Resource两个注解的区别:

1)@Autowired默认按照byType方式进行bean匹配,@Resource默认按照byName方式进行bean匹配

2)@Autowired是spring的注解,@Resource是J2EE的注解。

spring是属于第三方的,J2EE是自己的东西,建议使用@Resource注解,以减少代码和spring之间的耦合。

⑤ @Service

以上的例子还可以简化,使得spring配置文件中只有一个自动扫描的标签,增强java代码的内聚性并进一步减少配置文件。

继续简化,可以使用@Service,配置文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans
    xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
    ">
    
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring" />
    
</beans>

以zoo.java为例,其余的monkey.java和tiger.java都一样:

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class Zoo {
    
    @Autowired
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Autowired
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    
}

这样,Zoo.java在spring容器中存在的形式就是“zoo”,即可以通过ApplicationContext的getBean("zoo")方法来得到Zoo.java。@Service注解,其实做了两件事情:

1)声明Zoo.java是一个bean,这点很重要,因为Zoo.java是一个bean,其他的类才可以使用@Autowired将Zoo作为一个成员变量自动注入。

2)Zoo.java在bean中的id是”zoo“,即类名且首字母小写。

如果,想让Zoo.java在spring容器中的名字叫做”Zoo“,如下:

package com.spring.model;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service("Zoo")
@Scope("prototype")
public class Zoo {
    
    @Autowired
    private Tiger tiger;
    
    @Autowired
    private Monkey monkey;
    
    public String toString(){
        return tiger + "\n" + monkey;
    }
    
}

这样,就可以通过ApplicationContext的getBean("Zoo")方法来得到Zoo.java了。

这里还多加了一个@Scope注解,因为spring默认产生的bean是单例的,假如不想使用单例怎么办,xml文件里可以再bean里面配置Scope属性。注解也是一样,配置@Scope即可,默认是”singleton“即单例。”prototype“表示原型即每次都会new一个新的出来。

使用注解来构造IOC容器

用注解来向spring容器注册bean。需要在applicationContext.xml中注册<context:component-scan base-package="package1">

如:在base-package指明一个包

<context:component-scan base-package="cn.gacl.java"/>

表明cn.gacl.java包及其子包中,如果某个类的头上带有特定的注解【@Component/@Repository/@Service/@Controller】,就会将这个对象作为bean注册进Spring容器。也可以在<context:component-scan base-package="">中指定多个包,如:

<context:component-scan base-package="cn.gacl.dao.impl,cn.gacl.service.impl,cn.gacl.action"/>

多个包逗号隔开

1)@Component

@Component是所有受spring管理组件的通用形式,@Component注解可以放在类的头上,@Component不推荐使用。

2)@Controller

@Controller对应的表现层的bean,也就是Action,例如:

@Controller
@Scope("prototype")
public class UserAction extends BaseAction<User>{
 ……
}

使用@Controller注解标识UserAction之后,就表示要把UserAction交给spring容器管理,在spring容器中会存在一个名字为”userAction“的action,这个名字是根据UserAction类名来取的。注意:如果@Controller不指定其value【@Controller】,则默认的bean名字为这个类的类名首字母小写,如果指定value【@Controller(value="UserAction")】或者【@Controller(”UserAction“)】,则使用value作为bean的名字。

这里的UserAction还使用了@Scope注解,@Scope("prototype")表示将action的范围声明为原型,可以利用容器的scope="prototype"来保证每一个请求有一个单独的action来处理。

3)@Service

@Service对应的是业务层bean,例如:

@Service("userService")
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
………
}

@Service("userService")注解是告诉spring,当spring要创建UserServiceImpl的实例时,bean的名字必须叫"userService",这样当Action需要使用UserServiceImpl的实例时,就可以由spring创建好的”userService“,然后注入给Action:在action只需要声明一个名字叫”userService“的变量来接收由spring注入的”userService“即可,具体代码如下:

// 注入userService
@Resource(name = "userService")
private UserService userService;

注意:在Action声明的"userService"变量的类型必须是"UserServiceImpl"或者是其父类"UserService",否则由于类型不一致而无法注入,由于Action中的声明的"userService"变量使用了@Resource注解去标注,并且指明了其name = "userService",这就等于告诉Spring,说我Action要实例化一个"userService",你Spring快点帮我实例化好,然后给我,当Spring看到userService变量上的@Resource的注解时,根据其指明的name属性可以知道,Action中需要用到一个UserServiceImpl的实例,此时Spring就会把自己创建好的名字叫做"userService"的UserServiceImpl的实例注入给Action中的"userService"变量,帮助Action完成userService的实例化,这样在Action中就不用通过"UserService userService = new UserServiceImpl();"这种最原始的方式去实例化userService了。如果没有Spring,那么当Action需要使用UserServiceImpl时,必须通过"UserService userService = new UserServiceImpl();"主动去创建实例对象,但使用了Spring之后,Action要使用UserServiceImpl时,就不用主动去创建UserServiceImpl的实例了,创建UserServiceImpl实例已经交给Spring来做了,Spring把创建好的UserServiceImpl实例给Action,Action拿到就可以直接用了。Action由原来的主动创建UserServiceImpl实例后就可以马上使用,变成了被动等待由Spring创建好UserServiceImpl实例之后再注入给Action,Action才能够使用。这说明Action对"UserServiceImpl"类的“控制权”已经被“反转”了,原来主动权在自己手上,自己要使用"UserServiceImpl"类的实例,自己主动去new一个出来马上就可以使用了,但现在自己不能主动去new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例,new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例的权力已经被Spring拿走了,只有Spring才能够new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例,而Action只能等Spring创建好"UserServiceImpl"类的实例后,再“恳求”Spring把创建好的"UserServiceImpl"类的实例给他,这样他才能够使用"UserServiceImpl",这就是Spring核心思想“控制反转”,也叫“依赖注入”,“依赖注入”也很好理解,Action需要使用UserServiceImpl干活,那么就是对UserServiceImpl产生了依赖,Spring把Acion需要依赖的UserServiceImpl注入(也就是“给”)给Action,这就是所谓的“依赖注入”。对Action而言,Action依赖什么东西,就请求Spring注入给他,对Spring而言,Action需要什么,Spring就主动注入给他。

4)@ Repository
@Repository对应数据访问层Bean ,例如:

@Repository(value="userDao")
public class UserDaoImpl extends BaseDaoImpl<User> {
………
}

@Repository(value="userDao")注解是告诉Spring,让Spring创建一个名字叫"userDao"的UserDaoImpl实例。

当Service需要使用Spring创建的名字叫"userDao"的UserDaoImpl实例时,就可以使用@Resource(name = "userDao")注解告诉Spring,Spring把创建好的userDao注入给Service即可。

 
 
// 注入userDao,从数据库中根据用户Id取出指定用户时需要用到
@Resource(name = "userDao")
private BaseDao<User> userDao;

—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Spring常用注解汇总 

使用注解之前要开启自动扫描功能,其中base-package为需要扫描的包(含子包)。

<context:component-scan base-package="cn.test"/> 

@Configuration把一个类作为一个IoC容器,它的某个方法头上如果注册了@Bean,就会作为这个Spring容器中的Bean。
@Scope注解 作用域
@Lazy(true) 表示延迟初始化
@Service用于标注业务层组件、 
@Controller用于标注控制层组件(如struts中的action)
@Repository用于标注数据访问组件,即DAO组件。
@Component泛指组件,当组件不好归类的时候,我们可以使用这个注解进行标注。
@Scope用于指定scope作用域的(用在类上)
@PostConstruct用于指定初始化方法(用在方法上)
@PreDestory用于指定销毁方法(用在方法上)
@DependsOn:定义Bean初始化及销毁时的顺序
@Primary:自动装配时当出现多个Bean候选者时,被注解为@Primary的Bean将作为首选者,否则将抛出异常
@Autowired 默认按类型装配,如果我们想使用按名称装配,可以结合@Qualifier注解一起使用。如下:
@Autowired @Qualifier("personDaoBean") 存在多个实例配合使用
@Resource默认按名称装配,当找不到与名称匹配的bean才会按类型装配。
@PostConstruct 初始化注解
@PreDestroy 摧毁注解 默认 单例  启动就加载
@Async异步方法调用

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