AOP Benchmark

The need for performance metrics and comparison

Since we released AspectWerkz 1.0, and more generally for every release of any AOP / interceptor framework (AspectWerkz, AspectJ, JBoss AOP, Spring AOP, cglib, dynaop etc), a question is always raised: "what is the performance cost of such an approach?", "how much do I loose per method invocation when an advice / interceptor is applied?".

This is indeed an issue that needs to be carefully addressed, and that in fact has affected the design of every mature enough framework.

We are probably all scared by the cost of the java.lang.reflect despite its relative power, and usually, even before starting to evaluate semantics robustness and ease of use in general - we start doing some Hello World bench.

We have started AWbench for that purpose. Offering a single place to measure the relative performance of AOP/Interceptor frameworks, and measure it by your own.

More than providing performance comparison, AWbench is a good place to figure out the semantic differences and ease of use of each framework by using them for the same rather simple purpose. A "line of count" metrics will be provided in a next report.

Current performance results

This table provides the figures from a bench in "nanosecond per advised method invocation". A single method invocation is roughly about 5 ns/iteration on the bench hardware/software that was used. Note that an advised application will have more behavior than just a non advised method so you should not compare non advised version to advised version. AWbench does not provide yet metrics for a hand written implementation of the AOP concepts.

The results were obtained with 2 million iterations.

In this table, the two first lines in bold are the most important ones. In a real world application, it is likely that the before or around advice will interact with the code it is advising and to be able to do that it needs to access runtime information (contextual information) like method parameters values and target instance. It is also likely that the join point is advised by more than one advice.

On the opposite it is very unlikely to have just a before advice that does nothing, but it gives us a good evaluation on the most minimal overhead we can expect.

Note: comparing such results when the difference is small (f.e. 15 ns vs 10 ns) might not be relevant. Before doing so you should run the bench several time and compute an average after removing the smallest and highest measurements.

AWBench (ns/invocation)	aspectwerkz	awproxy	aspectwerkz_1_0	aspectj	jboss	spring	dynaop	cglib	ext:aopalliance	ext:spring	ext:aspectj
before, args() target()	10	25	606	10	220	355	390	145	-	220	-
around x 2, args() target()	80	85	651	50	290	436	455	155	465	476	-
before	15	20	520	15	145	275	320	70	-	40	10
before, static info access	30	30	501	25	175	275	330	70	-	35	-
before, rtti info access	50	55	535	50	175	275	335	75	-	35	-
after returning	10	20	541	10	135	285	315	85	-	45	15
after throwing	3540	3870	6103	3009	5032	-	6709	8127	-	-	3460
before + after	20	30	511	20	160	445	345	80	-	35	20
before, args() primitives	10	20	555	10	195	350	375	145	-	210	-
before, args() objects	5	25	546	10	185	325	345	115	-	200	-
around	60	95	470	10	-	225	315	75	-	-	90
around, rtti info access	70	70	520	50	140	250	340	80	70	70	-
around, static info access	80	90	486	25	135	245	330	75	80	80	-

This table provides the figures from the same bench where for each category AspectWerkz 2.0.RC2-snapshot is the reference.
The first line illustrates that for the most simple before advice, AspectWerkz is 13 times faster than JBoss AOP 1.0.

AWBench (relative %)	aspectwerkz	awproxy	aspectwerkz_1_0	aspectj	jboss	spring	dynaop	cglib	ext:aopalliance	ext:spring	ext:aspectj
before, args() target()	1 x	2.5 x	60.6 x	1 x	22 x	35.5 x	39 x	14.5 x	-	22 x	-
around x 2, args() target()	1 x	1 x	8.1 x	0.6 x	3.6 x	5.4 x	5.6 x	1.9 x	5.8 x	5.9 x	-
before	1 x	1.3 x	34.6 x	1 x	9.6 x	18.3 x	21.3 x	4.6 x	-	2.6 x	0.6 x
before, static info access	1 x	1 x	16.7 x	0.8 x	5.8 x	9.1 x	11 x	2.3 x	-	1.1 x	-
before, rtti info access	1 x	1.1 x	10.7 x	1 x	3.5 x	5.5 x	6.7 x	1.5 x	-	0.7 x	-
after returning	1 x	2 x	54.1 x	1 x	13.5 x	28.5 x	31.5 x	8.5 x	-	4.5 x	1.5 x
after throwing	1 x	1 x	1.7 x	0.8 x	1.4 x	-	1.8 x	2.2 x	-	-	0.9 x
before + after	1 x	1.5 x	25.5 x	1 x	8 x	22.2 x	17.2 x	4 x	-	1.7 x	1 x
before, args() primitives	1 x	2 x	55.5 x	1 x	19.5 x	35 x	37.5 x	14.5 x	-	21 x	-
before, args() objects	1 x	5 x	109.2 x	2 x	37 x	65 x	69 x	23 x	-	40 x	-
around	1 x	1.5 x	7.8 x	0.1 x	-	3.7 x	5.2 x	1.2 x	-	-	1.5 x
around, rtti info access	1 x	1 x	7.4 x	0.7 x	2 x	3.5 x	4.8 x	1.1 x	1 x	1 x	-
around, static info access	1 x	1.1 x	6 x	0.3 x	1.6 x	3 x	4.1 x	0.9 x	1 x	1 x	-

Bench were run on a Java HotSpot 1.4.2, Windows 2000 SP4, Pentium M 1.6 GHz, 1 Go RAM.

Notes:

• Some figures are not available when the underlying framework does not allow the feature. For the ext: ones, that can be due to pending work (AOP alliance interfaces can emulate a before advice just as it is the case in JBoss AOP).
• after throwing advice appears to be slow since it first, is an overhead in throwing the exception (user code) and second, in catching the exception and do an instanceof to check the exception type (advice code).
• latest run: Dec 20, 2004, as per Spring Framework team feedback.

AWbench internals

Summary

AWbench is a micro benchmark suite, which aims at staying simple. The test application is very simple, and AWbench is mainly the glue around the test application that applies one or more very simple advice / interceptor of the framework of your choice.

AWbench comes with an Ant script that allows you to run it on you own box, and provide some improvement if you know some for a particular framework.

What is the scope for the benchmark?

So far, AWbench includes method execution pointcuts, since call side pointcuts are not supported by proxy based framework (Spring AOP, cglib, dynaop etc).

The awbench.method.Execution class is the test application, and contains one method per construct to bench. An important fact is that bytecode based AOP may provide much better performance for before advice and after advice, as well as much better performance when it comes to accessing contextual information.
Indeed, proxy based frameworks are very likely to use reflection to give the user access to intercepted method parameters at runtime from within an advice, while bytecode based AOP may use more advanced constructs to provide access at the speed of a statically compiled access.

The current scope is thus:

For method execution pointcut

Construct	Contextual information access	Notes
before advice	none
before advice	static information (method signature etc)
before advice	contextual information accessed reflectively	Likely to use of casting and unboxing of primitives
before advice	contextual information accessed with explicit framework capabilities	Only supported by AspectJ and AspectWerkz 2.x
after advice	none
after returning advice	return value
after throwing advice	exception instance
before + after advice	none
around advice	optimized	AspectJ and AspetWerkz 2.x provides specific optimizations (thisJoinPointStaticPart vs thisJoinPoint)
around advice	non optimizezd
2 around advice	contextual information

By accessing contextual information we means:

• accessing a method parameter using its real type (i.e. boxing and unboxing might be needed)
• accessing a the advised instance using its real type (i.e. casting might be needed)

A pseudo code block is thus likely to be:

class awbench.method.Execution {

  int m_field;

  void before(int i) {
    // very simple test application method body - does not vary
    m_field++;
  }
}

class XXframework {

  // might be optimized by some framework using lazy instantiation
  .. interceptWithoutContextualInformationAccess(..) {
    // very simple advice body - does not vary
    awbench.Run.staticIntField++;
  }

  .. interceptWithReflectiveContextualInformationAccess(.., XXInvocation invocation, ..) {
    // very simple advice body - does not vary
    awbench.Run.staticIntField++;
    // reflective access to target instance and intercepted method argument
    Execution target = (Execution) invocation.getTarget();
    int arg0 = (int) (Integer(invocation.getArgument_0())).intValue();
  }

  // may not be supported by all framework
  .. interceptWithDirectContextualInformationAccess(.., Execution executionTargetInstance, int arg0Intercepted, ..) {
    // very simple advice body - does not vary
    awbench.Run.staticIntField++;
    // direct access to target instance and intercepted method argument thru rich framework facilities
    Execution target = executionTargetInstance; // no casting
    int arg0 = arg0Intercepted; // no casting
  }
}

Which AOP and Proxy frameworks are benched?

The following are included in AWbench:

Bytecode based frameworks

Framework	URL
AspectWerkz 1.0	http://aspectwerkz.codehaus.org
AspectWerkz 2.x	http://aspectwerkz.codehaus.org
AspectJ (1.2)	http://eclipse.org/aspectj/
JBoss AOP (1.0)	http://www.jboss.org/developers/projects/jboss/aop

Proxy based frameworks

Framework	URL
Spring AOP (1.1.1)	http://www.springframework.org/
cglib proxy (2.0.2)	http://cglib.sourceforge.net/
dynaop (1.0 beta)	https://dynaop.dev.java.net/

Moreover, AWbench includes AspectWerkz Extensible Aspect Container that allow to run any Aspect / Interceptor framework within the AspectWerkz 2.x runtime:

AspectWerkz Extensible Aspect Container running	Notes
AspectJ
AOP Alliance	http://aopalliance.sourceforge.net/
Spring AOP

AWbench is extensible. Refer to the How to contribute? section (below) for more info on how to add your framework to the bench.

What's next ?

Running awbench by your own

AWBench is released under LGPL.
There will never be a distribution of it, but source can be checked out:

cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.aspectwerkz.codehaus.org:/home/projects/aspectwerkz/scm login

cvs -z3 -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.aspectwerkz.codehaus.org:/home/projects/aspectwerkz/scm co awbench

Once checked out, you can run the bench using several different Ant target

ant run

ant run:aspectwerkz
ant run:aspectj
ant run:jboss

ant run:ext:aspectj
ant run:ext:spring
ant run:ext:aopalliance

ant run:cglib
ant run:spring
ant run:dynaop

ant run:all

How to contribute?

If you notice some optimizations for one of the implementation by respecting the requirements, we will add the fix in awbench and update the results accordingly.

If you are willing to write a non-AOP, non-Proxy based version of this bench so that a comparison between AOP approach and regular OO design patterns is possible send us an email.

Limitations

The current implementation is not covering fine grained deployment models like perInstance / perTarget, whose underlying implementation are unlikely to be neutral on performance results.

From:http://docs.codehaus.org/display/AW/AOP+Benchmark