BLE-广播

BLE 广播类型

/// Advertising mode
typedef enum {
    ADV_TYPE_IND                = 0x00,
    ADV_TYPE_DIRECT_IND_HIGH    = 0x01,
    ADV_TYPE_SCAN_IND           = 0x02,
    ADV_TYPE_NONCONN_IND        = 0x03,
    ADV_TYPE_DIRECT_IND_LOW     = 0x04,
} esp_ble_adv_type_t;

广播的类型一般分为 4 种，见如下表格：

• 可连接的非定向广播（Connectable Undirected Event Type）

  这是一种用途最广的广播类型，包括广播数据和扫描响应数据，它表示当前设备可以接受其他任何设备的连接请求。进行通用广播的设备能够被扫描设备扫描到，或者在接收到连接请求时作为从设备进入一个连接。通用广播可以在没有连接的情况下发出，换句话说，没有主从设备之分。

• 可连接的定向广播（Connectable Directed Event Type）

  定向广播类型是为了尽可能快的建立连接。这种报文包含两个地址：广播者的地址和发起者的地址。
  发起者收到发给自己的定向广播报文之后，可以立即发送连接请求作为回应。
  定向广播类型有特殊的时序要求。完整的广播事件必须每3.75ms重复一次。这一要求使得扫描设备只需扫描3.75ms便可以收到定向广播设备的消息。
  当然，如此快的发送会让报文充斥着广播信道，进而导致该区域内的其他设备无法进行广播。因此，定向广播不可以持续1.28s以上的时间。如果主机没有主动要求停止，或者连接没有建立，控制器都会自动停止广播。一旦到了1.28s，主机便只能使用间隔长得多的可连接非定向广播让其他设备来连接。
  当使用定向广播时，设备不能被主动扫描。此外，定向广播报文的净荷中也不能带有其他附加数据。该净荷只能包含两个必须的地址。

• 不可连接的非定向广播（Non-connectable Undirected Event Type）

  仅仅发送广播数据，而不想被扫描或者连接。这也是唯一可用于只有发射机而没有接收机设备的广播类型。不可连接广播设备不会进入连接态，因此，它只能根据主机的要求在广播态和就绪态之间切换。

• 可扫描的非定向广播（Scannable Undirected Event Type）

  又称可发现广播，这种广播不能用于发起连接，但允许其他设备扫描该广播设备。这意味着该设备可以被发现，既可以发送广播数据，也可以响应扫描发送扫描回应数据，但不能建立连接。这是一种适用于广播数据的广播形式，动态数据可以包含于广播数据之中，而静态数据可以包含于扫描响应数据之中。

BLE 广播包数据格式

BLE 广播参数

低功耗蓝牙设备通过广播信道发现其他设备，一个设备进行广播，而另一个设备进行扫描。

广播相关的参数大致有以下几种：

1. Advertising interval
2. Advertising_Type
3. Own_Address_Type
4. Direct_Address_Type
5. Direct_Address
6. Advertising_Channel_Map
7. Advertising_Filter_Policy
8. Advertising Data
9. ScanReponse Data

Advertising interval

/// Advertising parameters
typedef struct {
    uint16_t                adv_int_min;        /*!< Minimum advertising interval for
                                                  undirected and low duty cycle directed advertising.
                                                  Range: 0x0020 to 0x4000 Default: N = 0x0800 (1.28 second)
                                                  Time = N * 0.625 msec Time Range: 20 ms to 10.24 sec */
    uint16_t                adv_int_max;        /*!< Maximum advertising interval for
                                                  undirected and low duty cycle directed advertising.
                                                  Range: 0x0020 to 0x4000 Default: N = 0x0800 (1.28 second)
                                                  Time = N * 0.625 msec Time Range: 20 ms to 10.24 sec Advertising max interval */
    esp_ble_adv_type_t      adv_type;           /*!< Advertising type */
    esp_ble_addr_type_t     own_addr_type;      /*!< Owner bluetooth device address type */
    esp_bd_addr_t           peer_addr;          /*!< Peer device bluetooth device address */
    esp_ble_addr_type_t     peer_addr_type;     /*!< Peer device bluetooth device address type, only support public address type and random address type */
    esp_ble_adv_channel_t   channel_map;        /*!< Advertising channel map */
    esp_ble_adv_filter_t    adv_filter_policy;  /*!< Advertising filter policy */
} esp_ble_adv_params_t;

/// Advertising data content, according to "Supplement to the Bluetooth Core Specification"
typedef struct {
    bool                    set_scan_rsp;           /*!< Set this advertising data as scan response or not*/
    bool                    include_name;           /*!< Advertising data include device name or not */
    bool                    include_txpower;        /*!< Advertising data include TX power */
    int                     min_interval;           /*!< Advertising data show slave preferred connection min interval.
                                                    The connection interval in the following manner:
                                                    connIntervalmin = Conn_Interval_Min * 1.25 ms
                                                    Conn_Interval_Min range: 0x0006 to 0x0C80
                                                    Value of 0xFFFF indicates no specific minimum.
                                                    Values not defined above are reserved for future use.*/

    int                     max_interval;           /*!< Advertising data show slave preferred connection max interval.
                                                    The connection interval in the following manner:
                                                    connIntervalmax = Conn_Interval_Max * 1.25 ms
                                                    Conn_Interval_Max range: 0x0006 to 0x0C80
                                                    Conn_Interval_Max shall be equal to or greater than the Conn_Interval_Min.
                                                    Value of 0xFFFF indicates no specific maximum.
                                                    Values not defined above are reserved for future use.*/

    int                     appearance;             /*!< External appearance of device */
    uint16_t                manufacturer_len;       /*!< Manufacturer data length */
    uint8_t                 *p_manufacturer_data;   /*!< Manufacturer data point */
    uint16_t                service_data_len;       /*!< Service data length */
    uint8_t                 *p_service_data;        /*!< Service data point */
    uint16_t                service_uuid_len;       /*!< Service uuid length */
    uint8_t                 *p_service_uuid;        /*!< Service uuid array point */
    uint8_t                 flag;                   /*!< Advertising flag of discovery mode, see BLE_ADV_DATA_FLAG detail */
} esp_ble_adv_data_t;

BLE 扫描参数

/// Ble scan type
typedef enum {
    BLE_SCAN_TYPE_PASSIVE   =   0x0,            /*!< Passive scan */
    BLE_SCAN_TYPE_ACTIVE    =   0x1,            /*!< Active scan */
} esp_ble_scan_type_t;

主动扫描和被动扫描：

/// Ble scan parameters
typedef struct {
    esp_ble_scan_type_t     scan_type;              /*!< Scan type */
    esp_ble_addr_type_t     own_addr_type;          /*!< Owner address type */
    esp_ble_scan_filter_t   scan_filter_policy;     /*!< Scan filter policy */
    uint16_t                scan_interval;          /*!< Scan interval. This is defined as the time interval from
                                                      when the Controller started its last LE scan until it begins the subsequent LE scan.
                                                      Range: 0x0004 to 0x4000 Default: 0x0010 (10 ms)
                                                      Time = N * 0.625 msec
                                                      Time Range: 2.5 msec to 10.24 seconds*/
    uint16_t                scan_window;            /*!< Scan window. The duration of the LE scan. LE_Scan_Window
                                                      shall be less than or equal to LE_Scan_Interval
                                                      Range: 0x0004 to 0x4000 Default: 0x0010 (10 ms)
                                                      Time = N * 0.625 msec
                                                      Time Range: 2.5 msec to 10240 msec */
    esp_ble_scan_duplicate_t  scan_duplicate;       /*!< The Scan_Duplicates parameter controls whether the Link Layer should filter out
                                                        duplicate advertising reports (BLE_SCAN_DUPLICATE_ENABLE) to the Host, or if the Link Layer should generate
                                                        advertising reports for each packet received */
} esp_ble_scan_params_t;

BLE 连接过程的建立

• 广播（advertising）
• 建立连接（connection establishment）

GAP层角色总结

对上面提到的手机和设备 B，在 BLE 通信过程中，随着时间的推移，它们的状态在发生变化，两者的关系也在发生变化，为此蓝牙 spec 根据不同的时间段或者状态给手机和设备 B 取不同的名字，即 GAP 层定义了如下角色：

• advertiser：发出广播的设备
• observer 或者 scanner：可以扫描广播的设备
• initiator：能发起连接的设备
• master 或者central：连接成功后的主设备，即主动发起 packet 的设备
• slave 或者 peripheral。连接成功后的从设备，即被动回传 packet 的设备

BLE 服务发现过程

参考

• BLE 广播包数据格式
• BLE 广播类型
• BLE 广播参数
• BLE 扫描参数，这个可以自行百度，很多很杂，可以多看几处
• BLE 连接过程的建立
• BLE 服务发现过程