const与指针_const和指针-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mhjerry/article/details/7061250

C/C++中的关键字，CONST很湿让人困惑的，所以总结了一下在网上看到的文章，留作笔记。（注意：C++与C中用略微不同）

Just like normal variables, pointers can be declared constant. There are two different ways that pointers and const can be intermixed, and they are very easy to mix up.

To declare a const pointer, use the const keyword between the asterisk and the pointer name:

 
        int 
         nValue = 5;  
       
        int 
         * 
        const 
        pnPtr = &nValue;

Just like a normal const variable, a const pointer must be initialized to a value upon declaration, and its value can not be changed. This means a const pointer will always point to the same value. In the above case, pnPtr will always point to the address of nValue. However, because the value being pointed to is still non-const, it is possible to change the value being pointed to via dereferencing the pointer:

 
        *pnPtr = 6;  
        // allowed, since pnPtr points to a non-const int

It is also possible to declare a pointer to a constant variable by using the const before the data type.

 
        int 
         nValue = 5;  
       
        const 
        int 
        *pnPtr = &nValue;

Note that the pointer to a constant variable does not actually have to point to a constant variable! Instead, think of it this way: a pointer to a constant variable treats the variable as constant when it is accessed through the pointer.

Thus, the following is okay:

 
        nValue = 6;  
        // nValue is non-const

But the following is not:

 
        *pnPtr = 6;  
        // pnPtr treats its value as const

Because a pointer to a const value is a non-const pointer, the pointer can be redirected to point at other values:

 
        int 
         nValue = 5;  
       
        int 
         nValue2 = 6;  
       
        const 
        int 
        *pnPtr = &nValue; 
       
        pnPtr = &nValue2;  
        // okay

Confused? To summarize:

A non-const pointer can be redirected to point to other addresses.
A const pointer always points to the same address, and this address can not be changed.

A pointer to a non-const value can change the value it is pointing to.
A pointer to a const value treats the value as const (even if it is not), and thus can not change the value it is pointing to.

Finally, it is possible to declare a const pointer to a const value:

 
        const 
        int 
        nValue;  
       
        const 
        int 
        * 
        const 
        pnPtr = &nValue;

A const pointer to a const value can not be redirected to point to another address, nor can the value it is pointing to be changed.

Const pointers are primarily used for passing variables to functions. We will discuss this further in the section on functions.

另外，来自百度百科的，写的也很好。

const是一个C语言的关键字，它限定一个变量不允许被改变。使用const在一定程度上可以提高程序的安全性和可靠性，另外，在观看别人代码的时候，清晰理解const所起的作用，对理解对方的程序也有一些帮助。另外CONST在其他编程语言中也有出现，如C++、PHP5、C#.net、HC08 C。

　　C中CONST的使用：

　　虽然这听起来很简单，但实际上，const的使用也是c语言中一个比较微妙的地方，微妙在何处呢？请看下面几个问题。

　　问题：const变量 & 常量

　　为什么下面的例子在使用一个const变量来初始化数组，ANSI C的编译器会报告一个错误呢？　

　　const int n = 5;

　　int a[n];

　　答案与分析:

　　1）、这个问题讨论的是“常量”与“只读变量”的区别。常量肯定是只读的，例如5， "abc"，等，肯定是只读的，因为常量是被编译器放在内存中的只读区域，当然也就不能够去修改它。而“只读变量”则是在内存中开辟一个地方来存放它的值，只不过这个值由编译器限定不允许被修改。C语言关键字const就是用来限定一个变量不允许被改变的修饰符（Qualifier）。上述代码中变量n被修饰为只读变量，可惜再怎么修饰也不是常量。而ANSI C规定数组定义时长度必须是“常量”，“只读变量”也是不可以的。

　　2)、注意：在ANSI C中，这种写法是错误的，因为数组的大小应该是个常量，而const int n,n只是一个变量（常量 != 不可变的变量，但在标准C++中，这样定义的是一个常量，这种写法是对的），实际上，根据编译过程及内存分配来看，这种用法本来就应该是合理的，只是 ANSI C对数组的规定限制了它。

　　3)、那么，在ANSI C 语言中用什么来定义常量呢？答案是enum类型和#define宏，这两个都可以用来定义常量。

　　问题：const变量 & const 限定的内容

　　下面的代码编译器会报一个错误，请问，哪一个语句是错误的呢？　

　　typedef char * pStr;

　　char string[4] = "abc";

　　const char *p1 = string;

　　const pStr p2 = string;

　　p1++;

　　p2++;

　　答案与分析：

　　问题出在p2++上。

　　1)、const使用的基本形式： const char m;