数据持久层框架Hibernate使用方法

Hibernate是一个开源的对象关系映射（ORM）框架，它对JDBC进行了轻量级的对象封装。

ORM（Object Relational Mapping，对象关系映射）是一种将数据库表结构映射到对象的技术。它通过定义对象和表之间的映射关系，使开发者可以直接使用面向对象的思想操作数据库，而不需要编写SQL语句。
依赖

1. 依赖

在pom.xml文件中添加Hibernate和PostgreSQL依赖：

<dependencies>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
    <version>5.1.4.Final</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
    <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
    <version>42.1.1</version>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 配置文件

创建名为hibernate.cfg.xml的配置文件，并放在src/main/resources路径下

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//MyHibernate/MyHibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd" >
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>
        <!--数据库连接驱动-->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">org.postgresql.Driver</property>
        <!--数据库地址、端口号、名称-->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:postgresql://192.168.71.27:9432/SIOM</property>
        <!--用户名-->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">postgres</property>
        <!--密码-->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password">123456</property>
        <!--数据库对应的方言-->
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect</property>
        <!--是否打印SQL语句-->
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        <!--是否对输出的SQL语句进行格式化 -->
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
        <!--影响数据库表结构，一般设为update-->
        <property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
        <!--映射文件的路径和名称-->
        <mapping resource="team.hbm.xml"/>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

3. 映射文件

创建名为team.hbm.xml的配置文件，也放在src/main/resources路径下
文件名中的team主要是为了和实体类对应，可以随便取
这个文件的作用就是将Java里的实体类与数据库表中的字段一一对应起来
table="t_team"表示PostgreSQL数据库中的表名为t_team
property中的name是实体类的属性名，column是t_team表中的字段名
注意：必须要有主键，这里的id就是主键

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
        "-//MyHibernate/MyHibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping >
    <class name="Team" table="t_team">
        <id name="id" column="id"></id>
        <property name="date" column="date" type="java.util.Date"></property>
        <property name="teamName" column="teamName" length="128"></property>
        <property name="points" column="points" type="java.lang.Double"></property>
    </class>
</hibernate-mapping>

4. 实体类

在项目中创建一个实体类Team
Team中属性（id、date、teamName、points）对应数据库表中的字段

import java.util.Date;

public class Team {
    private int id;
    private Date date;
    private String teamName;
    private double points;

    public Team() {
    }

    public Team(int id, Date date, String teamName, double points) {
        this.id = id;
        this.date = date;
        this.teamName = teamName;
        this.points = points;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public Date getDate() {
        return date;
    }

    public void setDate(Date date) {
        this.date = date;
    }

    public String getTeamName() {
        return teamName;
    }

    public void setTeamName(String teamName) {
        this.teamName = teamName;
    }

    public double getPoints() {
        return points;
    }

    public void setPoints(double points) {
        this.points = points;
    }
}

5. 操作数据

5.1 插入

如果数据库中不存在表t_team，则会自动创建

public void insert() {
    //读取并解析核心配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
    //读取并解析映射文件team.hbm.xml
    StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
    //创建SessionFactory对象
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(standardServiceRegistry);
    //创建并打开Session
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
    //开启事务
    Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();

    //根据实体类构造数据
    Date date = new Date();
    List<Team> teamList = new ArrayList<Team>();
    teamList.add(new Team(1, date, "Ferrari", 100.0));
    teamList.add(new Team(2, date, "Mercedes-Benz", 99.5));
    teamList.add(new Team(3, date, "BMW", 99));
    teamList.add(new Team(4, date, "Porsche", 98));
    teamList.add(new Team(5, date, "Lamborghini", 97));
    teamList.add(new Team(6, date, "Bugatti", 96));

    for (Team team : teamList) {
        //添加记录
        session.save(team);
    }

    //提交事务
    transaction.commit();

    //关闭资源
    session.close();
    sessionFactory.close();
}

5.2 删除

删除数据时必须要先创建一个对象，并且指定要删除的数据的主键
如同从表中根据主键删除一条数据

public void delete() {
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
    StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(standardServiceRegistry);
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
    Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();

    //创建要删除的对象（必须指定主键）
    Team team = new Team();
    team.setId(3);

    //删除记录
    session.delete(team);

    //提交事务
    transaction.commit();

    //关闭资源
    session.close();
    sessionFactory.close();
}

结果如下：

5.3 更新

也要先创建一个对象，根据主键修改其它字段

public void update() {
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
    StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(standardServiceRegistry);
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
    Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();

    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
    String dateString = "2023-07-13 12:15:59.123";
    Date date = null;
    try {
        date = sdf.parse(dateString);
    } catch (ParseException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    
    //根据主键（id）修改各个字段
    Team team = new Team(5, date,"Audi", 97.55);

    //更新记录
    session.update(team);

    //提交事务
    transaction.commit();

    //关闭资源
    session.close();
    sessionFactory.close();
}

结果如下：

5.4 查询

有两种方法：get()和load()

相同： 第1个参数为实体类名（对应数据库表名），第2个参数为主键（对应表中的一条数据）

区别： 如果查不到对应的数据，get()方法会返回null，而load()方法则会抛出ObjectNotFoundException异常

public void query() {
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
    StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(standardServiceRegistry);
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
    Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();

    //通过get方法查询
    Team team1 = session.get(Team.class, 1);
    System.out.println("id: " + team1.getId() + " date: " + team1.getDate() + " team_name: " + team1.getTeamName() + " points: " + team1.getPoints());

    //通过load方法查询
    //Team team2 = session.load(Team.class, 2);
    //System.out.println("id: " + team2.getId() + " date: " + team2.getDate() + " team_name: " + team2.getTeamName() + " points: " + team2.getPoints());

    //提交事务
    transaction.commit();

    //关闭资源
    session.close();
    sessionFactory.close();
}

结果如下：

5.5 有条件插入

有两种方法：saveOrUpdate()和merge()

相同： 先根据主键进行查询，如果此条数据存在，则进行update；如果此条数据不存在，则执行insert
区别： 如果在session缓存中已经存在了一个相同主键的持久态对象，调用saveOrUpdate()时方法会报错；而调用merge()方法时会先将两个对象合并，所以不会报错

public void insertIfExist() {
    Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
    configuration.configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
    StandardServiceRegistry standardServiceRegistry = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().configure().build();
    SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(standardServiceRegistry);
    Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
    Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();

    Date date = new Date();
    Team team = new Team(6, date,"Bugatti", 90.5);

    //调用saveOrUpdate方法
    session.saveOrUpdate(team);

    //调用merge方法
    //session.merge(team);

    //提交事务
    transaction.commit();

    //关闭资源
    session.close();
    sessionFactory.close();
}