ReadWriteLock管理一组锁，一个是只读的锁，一个是写锁。读锁可以在没有写锁的时候被多个线程同时持有，写锁是独占的。
所有读写锁的实现必须确保写操作对读操作的内存影响。换句话说，一个获得了读锁的线程必须能看到前一个释放的写锁所更新的内容。
读写锁比互斥锁允许对于共享数据更大程度的并发。每次只能有一个写线程，但是同时可以有多个线程并发地读数据。ReadWriteLock适用于读多写少的并发情况。
使用
private static ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private static int i;
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
new Thread(() -> {
try {
lock.readLock().lock();
i++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " readLock begin " + new Date());
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " readLock end " + new Date());
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}).start();
}
for (int j = 0; j < 2 ; j++) {
new Thread(() -> {
try {
lock.writeLock().lock();
i++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " writeLock begin " + new Date());
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " writeLock end " + new Date());
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}).start();
}
try {
lock.readLock().lock();
i++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " readLock begin " + new Date());
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " i = " + i + " readLock end " + new Date());
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}
main i = 1 readLock begin Mon Apr 29 13:55:22 CST 2019
Thread-0 i = 2 readLock begin Mon Apr 29 13:55:22 CST 2019
Thread-1 i = 3 readLock begin Mon Apr 29 13:55:22 CST 2019
main i = 3 readLock end Mon Apr 29 13:55:23 CST 2019
Thread-0 i = 3 readLock end Mon Apr 29 13:55:23 CST 2019
Thread-1 i = 3 readLock end Mon Apr 29 13:55:23 CST 2019
Thread-3 i = 4 writeLock begin Mon Apr 29 13:55:23 CST 2019
Thread-3 i = 4 writeLock end Mon Apr 29 13:55:24 CST 2019
Thread-2 i = 5 writeLock begin Mon Apr 29 13:55:24 CST 2019
Thread-2 i = 5 writeLock end Mon Apr 29 13:55:25 CST 2019
特性
获取顺序
非公平模式（默认）
当以非公平初始化时，读锁和写锁的获取的顺序是不确定的。非公平锁主张竞争获取，可能会延缓一个或多个读或写线程，但是会比公平锁有更高的吞吐量。
公平模式
当以公平模式初始化时，线程将会以队列的顺序获取锁。当当前线程释放锁后，等待时间最长的写锁线程就会被分配写锁；或者有一组读线程组等待时间比写线程长，那么这组读线程组将会被分配读锁。
当有写线程持有写锁或者有等待的写线程时，一个尝试获取公平的读锁（非重入）的线程就会阻塞。这个线程直到等待时间最长的写锁获得锁后并释放掉锁后才能获取到读锁。
可重入
允许读锁可写锁可重入。写锁可以获得读锁，读锁不能获得写锁。
锁降级
允许写锁降低为读锁
中断锁的获取
在读锁和写锁的获取过程中支持中断
支持Condition
写锁提供Condition实现
监控
提供确定锁是否被持有等辅助方法
源码分析
ReadWriteLock是接口，只有两个获取锁的方法
public interface ReadWriteLock {
/**
* Returns the lock used for reading.
*
* @return the lock used for reading
*/
Lock readLock();
/**
* Returns the lock used for writing.
*
* @return the lock used for writing
*/
Lock writeLock();
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock变量和构造器，默认是非公平锁，和ReentrantLock一样
public class ReentrantReadWriteLock
implements ReadWriteLock, java.io.Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -6992448646407690164L;
/** Inner class providing readlock */
private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readerLock;
/** Inner class providing writelock */
private final ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writerLock;
/** Performs all synchronization mechanics */
final Sync sync;
/**
* Creates a new {@code ReentrantReadWriteLock} with
* default (nonfair) ordering properties.
*/
public ReentrantReadWriteLock() {
this(false);
}
/**
* Creates a new {@code ReentrantReadWriteLock} with
* the given fairness policy.
*
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
*/
public ReentrantReadWriteLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
readerLock = new ReadLock(this);
writerLock = new WriteLock(this);
}
public ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writeLock() { return writerLock; }
public ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readLock() { return readerLock; }
核心内部类Sync继承aqs
abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 6317671515068378041L;
/*
* Read vs write count extraction constants and functions.
* Lock state is logically divided into two unsigned shorts:
* The lower one representing the exclusive (writer) lock hold count,
* and the upper the shared (reader) hold count.
*/
static final int SHARED_SHIFT = 16;
static final int SHARED_UNIT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT);
static final int MAX_COUNT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
static final int EXCLUSIVE_MASK = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
/** Returns the number of shared holds represented in count */
static int sharedCount(int c) { return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT; }
/** Returns the number of exclusive holds represented in count */
static int exclusiveCount(int c) { return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK; }
/**
* A counter for per-thread read hold counts.
* Maintained as a ThreadLocal; cached in cachedHoldCounter
*/
static final class HoldCounter {
int count = 0;
// Use id, not reference, to avoid garbage retention
final long tid = getThreadId(Thread.currentThread());
}
/**
* ThreadLocal subclass. Easiest to explicitly define for sake
* of deserialization mechanics.
*/
static final class ThreadLocalHoldCounter
extends ThreadLocal<HoldCounter> {
public HoldCounter initialValue() {
return new HoldCounter();
}
}
/**
* The number of reentrant read locks held by current thread.
* Initialized only in constructor and readObject.
* Removed whenever a thread's read hold count drops to 0.
*/
private transient ThreadLocalHoldCounter readHolds;
/**
* The hold count of the last thread to successfully acquire
* readLock. This saves ThreadLocal lookup in the common case
* where the next thread to release is the last one to
* acquire. This is non-volatile since it is just used
* as a heuristic, and would be great for threads to cache.
*/
private transient HoldCounter cachedHoldCounter;
/**
* firstReader is the first thread to have acquired the read lock.
* firstReaderHoldCount is firstReader's hold count.
*/
private transient Thread firstReader = null;
private transient int firstReaderHoldCount;
Sync() {
readHolds = new ThreadLocalHoldCounter();
setState(getState()); // ensures visibility of readHolds
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock中的state代表了读锁的数量和写锁的持有与否，整个结构如下：
两个Sync
/**
* Nonfair version of Sync
*/
static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -8159625535654395037L;
final boolean writerShouldBlock() {
return false; // writers can always barge
}
final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
/* As a heuristic to avoid indefinite writer starvation,
* block if the thread that momentarily appears to be head
* of queue, if one exists, is a waiting writer. This is
* only a probabilistic effect since a new reader will not
* block if there is a waiting writer behind other enabled
* readers that have not yet drained from the queue.
*/
return apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive();
}
}
/**
* Fair version of Sync
*/
static final class FairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -2274990926593161451L;
final boolean writerShouldBlock() {
return hasQueuedPredecessors();
}
final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
return hasQueuedPredecessors();
}
}
NonfairSync 没有构造器，父类Sync有构造器，执行了，初始化锁计数器的ThreadLocal
读锁获取
ReentrantReadWriteLock-ReadLock
public void lock() {
sync.acquireShared(1);
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
doAcquireShared(arg);
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock-Sync
static final int SHARED_SHIFT = 16;
static final int SHARED_UNIT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT);
static final int MAX_COUNT = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
static final int EXCLUSIVE_MASK = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
/** Returns the number of shared holds represented in count */
static int sharedCount(int c) { return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT; }
/** Returns the number of exclusive holds represented in count */
static int exclusiveCount(int c) { return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK; }
protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {
/*
* Walkthrough:
* 1. If write lock held by another thread, fail.
* 2. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for
* lock wrt state, so ask if it should block
* because of queue policy. If not, try
* to grant by CASing state and updating count.
* Note that step does not check for reentrant
* acquires, which is postponed to full version
* to avoid having to check hold count in
* the more typical non-reentrant case.
* 3. If step 2 fails either because thread
* apparently not eligible or CAS fails or count
* saturated, chain to version with full retry loop.
*/
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
//如果当前有写线程并且本线程不是写线程，不符合重入，失败
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1;
//得到读锁的个数
int r = sharedCount(c);
//如果读不应该阻塞并且读锁的个数小于最大值65535，并且可以成功更新状态值,成功
if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
r < MAX_COUNT &&
compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
//如果当前读锁为0
if (r == 0) {
//第一个读线程就是当前线程
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
}
//如果当前线程重入了，记录firstReaderHoldCount
else if (firstReader == current) {
firstReaderHoldCount++;
}
//当前读线程和第一个读线程不同,记录每一个线程读的次数
else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
}
return 1;
}
//否则，循环尝试
return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
}
失败的原因有三，第一是应该读线程应该阻塞；第二是因为读锁达到了上线；第三是因为CAS失败，有其他线程在并发更新state，那么会调动fullTryAcquireShared方法。
NonfairSync，非公平锁，当有写锁等待时，即第一个入队节点是独占模式时，读锁获取要阻塞
final boolean readerShouldBlock() {
/* As a heuristic to avoid indefinite writer starvation,
* block if the thread that momentarily appears to be head
* of queue, if one exists, is a waiting writer. This is
* only a probabilistic effect since a new reader will not
* block if there is a waiting writer behind other enabled
* readers that have not yet drained from the queue.
*/
return apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive();
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer判断第一个入队节点是否是独占锁，头结点一定是空节点，第二个节点是第一个入对接点，
/**
* Returns {@code true} if the apparent first queued thread, if one
* exists, is waiting in exclusive mode. If this method returns
* {@code true}, and the current thread is attempting to acquire in
* shared mode (that is, this method is invoked from {@link
* #tryAcquireShared}) then it is guaranteed that the current thread
* is not the first queued thread. Used only as a heuristic in
* ReentrantReadWriteLock.
*/
final boolean apparentlyFirstQueuedIsExclusive() {
Node h, s;
return (h = head) != null &&
(s = h.next) != null &&
!s.isShared() &&
s.thread != null;
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer-Node判断入队节点是否是共享模式，通过nextWaiter字段标识
static final class Node {
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in shared mode */
static final Node SHARED = new Node();
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in exclusive mode */
static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null;
/**
* Link to next node waiting on condition, or the special
* value SHARED. Because condition queues are accessed only
* when holding in exclusive mode, we just need a simple
* linked queue to hold nodes while they are waiting on
* conditions. They are then transferred to the queue to
* re-acquire. And because conditions can only be exclusive,
* we save a field by using special value to indicate shared
* mode.
*/
Node nextWaiter;
/**
* Returns true if node is waiting in shared mode.
*/
final boolean isShared() {
return nextWaiter == SHARED;
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock-Sync
/**
* Full version of acquire for reads, that handles CAS misses
* and reentrant reads not dealt with in tryAcquireShared.
*/
final int fullTryAcquireShared(Thread current) {
HoldCounter rh = null;
for (;;) {
int c = getState();
//一旦有别的线程获得了写锁，返回-1，失败
if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0) {
if (getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
return -1;
}
//如果读线程需要阻塞
else if (readerShouldBlock()) {
// Make sure we're not acquiring read lock reentrantly
if (firstReader == current) {
// assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
}
//说明有别的读线程占有了锁
else {
if (rh == null) {
rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current)) {
rh = readHolds.get();
if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.remove();
}
}
if (rh.count == 0)
return -1;
}
}
//如果读锁达到了最大值，抛出异常
if (sharedCount(c) == MAX_COUNT)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
//如果成功更改状态，成功返回
if (compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
if (sharedCount(c) == 0) {
firstReader = current;
firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
} else if (firstReader == current) {
firstReaderHoldCount++;
} else {
if (rh == null)
rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
rh = readHolds.get();
else if (rh.count == 0)
readHolds.set(rh);
rh.count++;
cachedHoldCounter = rh; // cache for release
}
return 1;
}
}
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer获取锁
/**
* Acquires in shared uninterruptible mode.
* @param arg the acquire argument
*/
private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head) {
int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
if (r >= 0) {
setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
p.next = null; // help GC
if (interrupted)
selfInterrupt();
failed = false;
return;
}
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
写锁获取
ReentrantReadWriteLock-WriteLock
public void lock() {
sync.acquire(1);
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented
* by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquire} until success. This method can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
*/
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
写锁使用的是AQS的独占模式。首先尝试获取锁，如果获取失败，那么将会把该线程加入到等待队列中。
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
/*
* Walkthrough:
* 1. If read count nonzero or write count nonzero
* and owner is a different thread, fail.
* 2. If count would saturate, fail. (This can only
* happen if count is already nonzero.)
* 3. Otherwise, this thread is eligible for lock if
* it is either a reentrant acquire or
* queue policy allows it. If so, update state
* and set owner.
*/
//得到调用lock方法的当前线程
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
//得到写锁的个数
int w = exclusiveCount(c);
//如果当前有写锁或者读锁
if (c != 0) {
// 如果写锁为0或者当前线程不是独占线程（不符合重入），返回false
if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
return false;
//如果写锁的个数超过了最大值，抛出异常
if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
// 写锁重入，返回true
setState(c + acquires);
return true;
}
//如果当前没有写锁或者读锁，如果写线程应该阻塞或者CAS失败，返回false
if (writerShouldBlock() ||
!compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
return false;
//否则将当前线程置为获得写锁的线程,返回true
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock-NonfairSync非公平锁的写锁始终阻塞
final boolean writerShouldBlock() {
return false; // writers can always barge
}
读锁的释放
释放锁要做的就是更改AQS的状态值以及唤醒队列中的等待线程来继续获取锁。
ReentrantReadWriteLock-ReadLock
public void unlock() {
sync.releaseShared(1);
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Releases in shared mode. Implemented by unblocking one or more
* threads if {@link #tryReleaseShared} returns true.
*/
public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
doReleaseShared();
return true;
}
return false;
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock-Sync
protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {
//得到调用unlock的线程
Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
//如果是第一个获得读锁的线程
if (firstReader == current) {
// assert firstReaderHoldCount > 0;
if (firstReaderHoldCount == 1)
firstReader = null;
else
firstReaderHoldCount--;
}
//否则，是HoldCounter中计数-1
else {
HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
if (rh == null || rh.tid != getThreadId(current))
rh = readHolds.get();
int count = rh.count;
if (count <= 1) {
readHolds.remove();
if (count <= 0)
throw unmatchedUnlockException();
}
--rh.count;
}
//死循环
for (;;) {
int c = getState();
//释放一把读锁
int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
//如果CAS更新状态成功，返回读锁是否等于0；失败的话，则重试
if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
// Releasing the read lock has no effect on readers,
// but it may allow waiting writers to proceed if
// both read and write locks are now free.
return nextc == 0;
}
}
第一步是更新firstReader或HoldCounter的计数，接下来进入死循环，尝试更新AQS的状态，一旦更新成功，则返回；否则，则重试。
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Release action for shared mode -- signals successor and ensures
* propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
* to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
*/
private void doReleaseShared() {
/*
* Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
* in-progress acquires/releases. This proceeds in the usual
* way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
* signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
* ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
* Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
* while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
* unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
* fails, if so rechecking.
*/
for (;;) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h != tail) {
int ws = h.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
continue; // loop to recheck cases
unparkSuccessor(h);
}
else if (ws == 0 &&
!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
continue; // loop on failed CAS
}
if (h == head) // loop if head changed
break;
}
}
写锁的释放
ReentrantReadWriteLock-WriteLock
public void unlock() {
sync.release(1);
}
AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Releases in exclusive mode. Implemented by unblocking one or
* more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
* This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
*/
public final boolean release(int arg) {
if (tryRelease(arg)) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
unparkSuccessor(h);
return true;
}
return false;
}
tryRelease尝试释放锁，一旦释放成功了，那么如果等待队列中有线程再等待，那么调用unparkSuccessor将下一个线程解除挂起
ReentrantReadWriteLock-Sync
/*
* Note that tryRelease and tryAcquire can be called by
* Conditions. So it is possible that their arguments contain
* both read and write holds that are all released during a
* condition wait and re-established in tryAcquire.
*/
protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
//如果没有线程持有写锁，但是仍要释放，抛出异常
if (!isHeldExclusively())
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
int nextc = getState() - releases;
boolean free = exclusiveCount(nextc) == 0;
//如果没有写锁了，那么将AQS的线程置为null
if (free)
setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
//更新状态
setState(nextc);
return free;
}
protected final boolean isHeldExclusively() {
// While we must in general read state before owner,
// we don't need to do so to check if current thread is owner
return getExclusiveOwnerThread() == Thread.currentThread();
}
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