有关Python的inheritance

课本链接 Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures

Chapter one

Inheritance

先看代码

@Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures
class LogicGate:

    def __init__(self,n):
        self.label = n
        self.output = None

    def getLabel(self):
        return self.label

    def getOutput(self):
        self.output = self.performGateLogic()
        return self.output

我们首先创造了一个LogicGate的类，并定义了getLabel和getOutput两个方法。然而注意，在getOutput method 中有一个performGateLogic method. 在父类 LogicGate中我们并没有实现performGateLogic method. 因此参数self会自动指向实现了performGateLogic method 的子类。

@Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures
class BinaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pinA = None
        self.pinB = None

    def getPinA(self):
        return int(input("Enter Pin A input for gate "+ self.getLabel()+"-->"))

    def getPinB(self):
        return int(input("Enter Pin B input for gate "+ self.getLabel()+"-->"))

#-------------------------------------------------------
class UnaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pin = None

    def getPin(self):
        return int(input("Enter Pin input for gate "+ self.getLabel()+"-->"))

这里就是class BinaryGate 和class UnaryGate 继承了LogicGate 并call了parent class的init method, 有点类似于Java constructor中的super() method.

在这里class UnaryGate 和 class BinaryGate的constructor 也可以写成

def __init__(self,n):
    super(BinaryGate, self)__init__(n).

这样就无需记住Superclass的名字。

@Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures
class AndGate(BinaryGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        BinaryGate.__init__(self,n)

    def performGateLogic(self):

        a = self.getPinA()
        b = self.getPinB()
        if a==1 and b==1:
            return 1
        else:
            return 0

Class AndGate 继承自BinaryGate，其具有performGateLogic method. 我们先创建一个AndGate的类。

@Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures
>>> andgate = AndGate("G1")
>>> andgate.getOutput()
Enter Pin A input for gate G1-->1
Enter Pin B input for gate G1-->0
0

class andgate 先调用了来自于LogicGate中的getOutput method. 并找到了来自于class AndGate 中的performGateLogic 然后调用了父类BinaryGate的getPinA.

接下来我们需要在Logic Gate之间建立connection. 所以我们创建一个新的class 叫connector.

@Problem Solving with Algoritms and Data Structures
class Connector:

    def __init__(self, fgate, tgate):
        self.fromgate = fgate
        self.togate = tgate

        tgate.setNextPin(self)

    def getFrom(self):
        return self.fromgate

    def getTo(self):
        return self.togate

class connector 的两个输入参数是两个gate. 尤其要注意

tgate.setNextPin(self)

这一行代码。之后会具体解释。

由于要在两个Logic Gate之间建立联系，因此LogicGate的input不一定全部来自于外部，也有可能来自于其他LogicGate的输出。因此我们需要对class BinaryGate 和 UnaryGate进行修改。

@Problem Solving with Algoritms and Data Structures

class BinaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pinA = None
        self.pinB = None

    def getPinA(self):
        if self.pinA == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin A input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pinA.getFrom().getOutput()

    def getPinB(self):
        if self.pinB == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin B input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pinB.getFrom().getOutput()

    def setNextPin(self,source):
        if self.pinA == None:
            self.pinA = source
        else:
            if self.pinB == None:
                self.pinB = source
            else:
                print("Cannot Connect: NO EMPTY PINS on this gate")
#---------------------------------------------------------
class UnaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pin = None

    def getPin(self):
        if self.pin == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pin.getFrom().getOutput()

    def setNextPin(self,source):
        if self.pin == None:
            self.pin = source
        else:
            print("Cannot Connect: NO EMPTY PINS on this gate")

主要是对getPin method 进行了修改，并增加了setNextPin method.

回到class connector中的这一句

tgate.setNextPin(self)

这其实是将tgate 的这个LogicGate class的pin指向了一个connector的instance。也就意味着BinaryGate 或者UnaryGate class 中的self.pin指向了一个connecto的实例，因此在getPin method 中return self.pin.getFrom().getOutput()pin可以调用getFrom method.

全部的code

@Problem Solving with Algoritms and Data Structures
class LogicGate:

    def __init__(self,n):
        self.name = n
        self.output = None

    def getName(self):
        return self.name

    def getOutput(self):
        self.output = self.performGateLogic()
        return self.output


class BinaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pinA = None
        self.pinB = None

    def getPinA(self):
        if self.pinA == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin A input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pinA.getFrom().getOutput()

    def getPinB(self):
        if self.pinB == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin B input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pinB.getFrom().getOutput()

    def setNextPin(self,source):
        if self.pinA == None:
            self.pinA = source
        else:
            if self.pinB == None:
                self.pinB = source
            else:
                print("Cannot Connect: NO EMPTY PINS on this gate")


class AndGate(BinaryGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        BinaryGate.__init__(self,n)

    def performGateLogic(self):

        a = self.getPinA()
        b = self.getPinB()
        if a==1 and b==1:
            return 1
        else:
            return 0

class OrGate(BinaryGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        BinaryGate.__init__(self,n)

    def performGateLogic(self):

        a = self.getPinA()
        b = self.getPinB()
        if a ==1 or b==1:
            return 1
        else:
            return 0

class UnaryGate(LogicGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        LogicGate.__init__(self,n)

        self.pin = None

    def getPin(self):
        if self.pin == None:
            return int(input("Enter Pin input for gate "+self.getName()+"-->"))
        else:
            return self.pin.getFrom().getOutput()

    def setNextPin(self,source):
        if self.pin == None:
            self.pin = source
        else:
            print("Cannot Connect: NO EMPTY PINS on this gate")


class NotGate(UnaryGate):

    def __init__(self,n):
        UnaryGate.__init__(self,n)

    def performGateLogic(self):
        if self.getPin():
            return 0
        else:
            return 1


class Connector:

    def __init__(self, fgate, tgate):
        self.fromgate = fgate
        self.togate = tgate

        tgate.setNextPin(self)

    def getFrom(self):
        return self.fromgate

    def getTo(self):
        return self.togate


g1 = AndGate("G1")
g2 = AndGate("G2")
g3 = OrGate("G3")
g4 = NotGate("G4")
c1 = Connector(g1,g3)
c2 = Connector(g2,g3)
c3 = Connector(g3,g4)
print(g4.getOutput())