python利用元组、字典可以表示坐标增减，具体做法为：
def change_directions(e): #e表示移动方向,list类型moves = { "up":(0,1),"down":(0,-1),"right":(1,0),"left":(-1,0)}
x,y = (0,0)
if e:
for v in e:
dx,dy = moves[v]
x += dx
y += dy
print((x,y))
moves = { "up":(0,1),"down":(0,-1),"right":(1,0),"left":(-1,0)}
x,y = (0,0)
if e:
for v in e:
dx,dy = moves[v]
x += dx
y += dy
print((x,y))
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