每天一点小知识 java.util.Stack、java.util.Deque

类继承树如下图：

一、Java中的栈 Stack

Stack是一个后进先出（last in first out，LIFO）的堆栈，在Vector类的基础上，扩展了5个方法

1、Stack类源码

package java.util;
/**
 * The <code>Stack</code> class represents a last-in-first-out
 * (LIFO) stack of objects. It extends class <tt>Vector</tt> with five
 * operations that allow a vector to be treated as a stack. The usual
 * <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations are provided, as well as a
 * method to <tt>peek</tt> at the top item on the stack, a method to test
 * for whether the stack is <tt>empty</tt>, and a method to <tt>search</tt>
 * the stack for an item and discover how far it is from the top.
 * <p>
 * When a stack is first created, it contains no items.
 *
 * <p>A more complete and consistent set of LIFO stack operations is
 * provided by the {@link Deque} interface and its implementations, which
 * should be used in preference to this class.  For example:
 * <pre>   {@code
 *   Deque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<Integer>();}</pre>
 *
 * @author  Jonathan Payne
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Stack<E> extends Vector<E> {
    /**
     * Creates an empty Stack.
     */
    public Stack() {
    }

    /**
     * Pushes an item onto the top of this stack. This has exactly
     * the same effect as:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * addElement(item)</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param   item   the item to be pushed onto this stack.
     * @return  the <code>item</code> argument.
     * @see     java.util.Vector#addElement
     */
    public E push(E item) {
        addElement(item);

        return item;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the object at the top of this stack and returns that
     * object as the value of this function.
     *
     * @return  The object at the top of this stack (the last item
     *          of the <tt>Vector</tt> object).
     * @throws  EmptyStackException  if this stack is empty.
     */
    public synchronized E pop() {
        E       obj;
        int     len = size();

        obj = peek();
        removeElementAt(len - 1);

        return obj;
    }

    /**
     * Looks at the object at the top of this stack without removing it
     * from the stack.
     *
     * @return  the object at the top of this stack (the last item
     *          of the <tt>Vector</tt> object).
     * @throws  EmptyStackException  if this stack is empty.
     */
    public synchronized E peek() {
        int     len = size();

        if (len == 0)
            throw new EmptyStackException();
        return elementAt(len - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this stack is empty.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if this stack contains
     *          no items; <code>false</code> otherwise.
     */
    public boolean empty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the 1-based position where an object is on this stack.
     * If the object <tt>o</tt> occurs as an item in this stack, this
     * method returns the distance from the top of the stack of the
     * occurrence nearest the top of the stack; the topmost item on the
     * stack is considered to be at distance <tt>1</tt>. The <tt>equals</tt>
     * method is used to compare <tt>o</tt> to the
     * items in this stack.
     *
     * @param   o   the desired object.
     * @return  the 1-based position from the top of the stack where
     *          the object is located; the return value <code>-1</code>
     *          indicates that the object is not on the stack.
     */
    public synchronized int search(Object o) {
        int i = lastIndexOf(o);

        if (i >= 0) {
            return size() - i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1224463164541339165L;
}

2、方法说明

方法	说明
E push(E item)	把item推入堆栈顶部
E pop()	推出堆栈顶部对象，并返回该对象
E peek()	返回堆栈顶部的对象，不对其做任何操作
boolean empty()	测试堆栈是否为空
int search(Object o)	返回o在堆栈中的位置，从1开始

3、Stack用法

Stack stack=new Stack();
Stack<Integer> st = new Stack<Integer>();

4、目前官方已不推荐使用Stack，而推荐java.util.Deque

Deque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<Integer>();

在Stack源码中已有体现

Deque（双端队列）比起Stack具有更好的完整性和一致性

二、JAVA中的栈Deque

1、Deque类源码

/*
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of
 * JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained
 * at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package java.util;

// Android-changed: removed link to collections framework docs
/**
 * A linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at
 * both ends.  The name <i>deque</i> is short for "double ended queue"
 * and is usually pronounced "deck".  Most {@code Deque}
 * implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements
 * they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted
 * deques as well as those with no fixed size limit.
 *
 * <p>This interface defines methods to access the elements at both
 * ends of the deque.  Methods are provided to insert, remove, and
 * examine the element.  Each of these methods exists in two forms:
 * one throws an exception if the operation fails, the other returns a
 * special value (either {@code null} or {@code false}, depending on
 * the operation).  The latter form of the insert operation is
 * designed specifically for use with capacity-restricted
 * {@code Deque} implementations; in most implementations, insert
 * operations cannot fail.
 *
 * <p>The twelve methods described above are summarized in the
 * following table:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Summary of Deque methods</caption>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>First Element (Head)</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>Last Element (Tail)</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Insert</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#offerFirst offerFirst(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Remove</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#removeLast removeLast()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#pollLast pollLast()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td><b>Examine</b></td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#getLast getLast()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link Deque#peekLast peekLast()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>This interface extends the {@link Queue} interface.  When a deque is
 * used as a queue, FIFO (First-In-First-Out) behavior results.  Elements are
 * added at the end of the deque and removed from the beginning.  The methods
 * inherited from the {@code Queue} interface are precisely equivalent to
 * {@code Deque} methods as indicated in the following table:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Comparison of Queue and Deque methods</caption>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>{@code Queue} Method</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent {@code Deque} Method</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#add add(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#offer offer(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#remove remove()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#poll poll()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#element element()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link java.util.Queue#peek peek()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peek peekFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Deques can also be used as LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) stacks.  This
 * interface should be used in preference to the legacy {@link Stack} class.
 * When a deque is used as a stack, elements are pushed and popped from the
 * beginning of the deque.  Stack methods are precisely equivalent to
 * {@code Deque} methods as indicated in the table below:
 *
 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
 * <caption>Comparison of Stack and Deque methods</caption>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Stack Method</b></td>
 *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent {@code Deque} Method</b></td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #push push(e)}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #pop pop()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 *  <tr>
 *    <td>{@link #peek peek()}</td>
 *    <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td>
 *  </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * <p>Note that the {@link #peek peek} method works equally well when
 * a deque is used as a queue or a stack; in either case, elements are
 * drawn from the beginning of the deque.
 *
 * <p>This interface provides two methods to remove interior
 * elements, {@link #removeFirstOccurrence removeFirstOccurrence} and
 * {@link #removeLastOccurrence removeLastOccurrence}.
 *
 * <p>Unlike the {@link List} interface, this interface does not
 * provide support for indexed access to elements.
 *
 * <p>While {@code Deque} implementations are not strictly required
 * to prohibit the insertion of null elements, they are strongly
 * encouraged to do so.  Users of any {@code Deque} implementations
 * that do allow null elements are strongly encouraged <i>not</i> to
 * take advantage of the ability to insert nulls.  This is so because
 * {@code null} is used as a special return value by various methods
 * to indicated that the deque is empty.
 *
 * <p>{@code Deque} implementations generally do not define
 * element-based versions of the {@code equals} and {@code hashCode}
 * methods, but instead inherit the identity-based versions from class
 * {@code Object}.
 *
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @author Josh Bloch
 * @since  1.6
 * @param <E> the type of elements held in this deque
 */
// Android-changed: fix framework docs link to "Collection#optional-restrictions"
// Several occurrences of the link have been fixed throughout.
public interface Deque<E> extends Queue<E> {
    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque if it is
     * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions,
     * throwing an {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently
     * available.  When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally
     * preferable to use method {@link #offerFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void addFirst(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque if it is
     * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions,
     * throwing an {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently
     * available.  When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally
     * preferable to use method {@link #offerLast}.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void addLast(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque unless it would
     * violate capacity restrictions.  When using a capacity-restricted deque,
     * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addFirst} method,
     * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         {@code false}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offerFirst(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque unless it would
     * violate capacity restrictions.  When using a capacity-restricted deque,
     * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addLast} method,
     * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         {@code false}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offerLast(E e);

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque.  This method
     * differs from {@link #pollFirst pollFirst} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E removeFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque.  This method
     * differs from {@link #pollLast pollLast} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E removeLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque,
     * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    E pollFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque,
     * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    E pollLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque.
     *
     * This method differs from {@link #peekFirst peekFirst} only in that it
     * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E getFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque.
     * This method differs from {@link #peekLast peekLast} only in that it
     * throws an exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E getLast();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque,
     * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    E peekFirst();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque,
     * or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * @return the tail of this deque, or {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    E peekLast();

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o);

    /**
     * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the last element {@code e} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o);

    // *** Queue methods ***

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * {@code true} upon success and throwing an
     * {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently available.
     * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to
     * use {@link #offer(Object) offer}.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean add(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * {@code true} upon success and {@code false} if no space is currently
     * available.  When using a capacity-restricted deque, this method is
     * generally preferable to the {@link #add} method, which can fail to
     * insert an element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #offerLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this deque, else
     *         {@code false}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    boolean offer(E e);

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, the first element of this deque).
     * This method differs from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E remove();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, the first element of this deque), or returns
     * {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #pollFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the first element of this deque, or {@code null} if
     *         this deque is empty
     */
    E poll();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque).
     * This method differs from {@link #peek peek} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #getFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E element();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque), or
     * returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #peekFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or
     *         {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    E peek();


    // *** Stack methods ***

    /**
     * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this deque (in other
     * words, at the head of this deque) if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, throwing an
     * {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently available.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to push
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this deque
     */
    void push(E e);

    /**
     * Pops an element from the stack represented by this deque.  In other
     * words, removes and returns the first element of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the element at the front of this deque (which is the top
     *         of the stack represented by this deque)
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty
     */
    E pop();


    // *** Collection methods ***

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
     * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirstOccurrence(Object)}.
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if an element was removed as a result of this call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean remove(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this deque contains
     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}.
     *
     * @param o element whose presence in this deque is to be tested
     * @return {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this deque
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
     *         deque does not permit null elements
     * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    boolean contains(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this deque.
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this deque
     */
    int size();

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence.
     * The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence
     */
    Iterator<E> iterator();

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
     * sequential order.  The elements will be returned in order from
     * last (tail) to first (head).
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse
     * sequence
     */
    Iterator<E> descendingIterator();

}

2、方法说明

方法	说明
addFirst(E e)	添加对象到队首,当超出队列界限的时候，抛出异常
addLast(E e)	添加对象到对尾,当超出队列界限的时候，抛出异常
offerFirst(E e)	添加对象到队首,当超出队列界限的时候，返回false
offerLast(E e)	添加对象到对尾, 当超出队列界限的时候，返回false
E removeFirst()	从对首获取元素并删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E removeLast()	从队尾获取元素并删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E pollFirst()	从对首获取元素并删除，队列为空时，返回null
E pollLast()	从对尾获取元素并删除，队列为空时，返回null
E getFirst()	从对首获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E getLast()	从对尾获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E peekFirst()	从对首获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，返回null
E peekLast()	从对尾获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，返回null
boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o)	删除队列中第一个与o相等的元素，队列不包含此元素时，则维持不变
boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o)	从队列中删除最后一个与o相等的元素。当队列中不包含本元素时，则维持不变
boolean add(E e)	添加对象到队尾,当超出队列界限的时候，抛出异常
boolean offer(E e)	添加对象到队尾,当超出队列界限的时候，返回false
E remove()	从对首获取元素并删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E poll()	从对首获取元素并删除，队列为空时，返回null
E element()	从对首获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，抛出异常
E peek()	从对首获取元素但不删除，队列为空时，返回null

3、Deque用法

• ArrayDeque: 基于数组实现的线性双向队列

Deque<Integer> stack = new ArrayDeque<Integer>();

• LinkedList: 基于链表实现的链式双向队列

Deque<Integer> stack = new LinkedList<>();

• 二者的区别
  ArrayDeque：双端队列，线程不安全，性能高于LinkedList，不允许插入null元素
  LinkedList：双端队列，线程不安全，首尾元素操作效率高，低效随机访问