Word Ladder
Given two words (start and end), and a dictionary, find the length of shortest transformation sequence from start to end, such that:
- Only one letter can be changed at a time
- Each intermediate word must exist in the dictionary
For example,
Given:
start = "hit"
end = "cog"
dict = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]
As one shortest transformation is "hit" -> "hot" -> "dot" -> "dog" -> "cog"
,
return its length 5
.
Note:
-
- Return 0 if there is no such transformation sequence.
- All words have the same length.
- All words contain only lowercase alphabetic characters.
最短搜索路径,所以是广度优先搜索(BFS)。
有几个问题需要注意:
1、怎样判断是否为邻居节点?
按照定义,存在一个字母差异的单词为邻居,因此采用逐位替换字母并查找字典的方法寻找邻居。
(逐个比对字典里单词也可以做,但是在这题的情况下,时间复杂度会变高,容易TLE)
2、怎样记录路径长度?
对队列中的每个单词记录路径长度。从start进入队列记作1.
长度为i的字母的邻居,如果没有访问过,则路径长度为i+1
可以用struct,也可以用queue<pair<string,int>> q;
struct Node{
string word;
int len;//到达这个字符串所走的长度
Node(string w,int l):word(w),len(l){}
};
class Solution {
public:
int ladderLength(string beginWord, string endWord, vector<string>& wordList) {
unordered_set<string> wordDict(wordList.begin(),wordList.end());
queue<Node*> q;
unordered_map<string,bool> m;
Node* beginnode =new Node(beginWord,1);
q.push(beginnode);
m[beginWord]=true;
while(!q.empty())
{
Node* frontnode=q.front();
q.pop();
string frontword=frontnode->word;
//查找邻居
for(int i=0;i<frontword.size();i++)
{
for(char c='a';c<='z';c++)
{
if(c==frontword[i]) continue;
string frontwordcp=frontword;
frontwordcp[i]=c;
if(wordDict.find(frontwordcp)!=wordDict.end()&&frontwordcp==endWord)
{
return frontnode->len+1;
}
if(wordDict.find(frontwordcp)!=wordDict.end()&&m[frontwordcp]==false)
{
int lentmp=frontnode->len+1;
//printf("lentmp=%d\n",lentmp);
Node* neighborNode=new Node(frontwordcp,lentmp);
//printf("neighborNode len=%d")
//printf("frontnode->len=%d frontwordcp=%s neighborNode->len=%d\n",frontnode->len,neighborNode->word.c_str(),neighborNode->len);
q.push(neighborNode);
m[frontwordcp]=true;
}
}
}
}
return 0;
}
};
class Solution {
public:
int ladderLength(string start, string end, vector<string>& wordList) {
unordered_set<string> dict(wordList.begin(),wordList.end());
return BFS(start,end,dict);
}
private:
int BFS(string start,string end,unordered_set<string> &dict){
// 存放单词和单词所在层次
queue<pair<string,int> > q;
q.push(make_pair(start,1));
unordered_set<string> visited;
visited.insert(start);
// 广搜
bool found = false;
while(!q.empty()){
pair<string,int> cur = q.front();
q.pop();
string word = cur.first;
int len = word.size();
// 变换一位字符
for(int i = 0;i < len;++i){
string newWord(word);
for(int j = 0;j < 26;++j){
newWord[i] = 'a' + j;
if(dict.count(newWord) > 0&&newWord == end){
found = true;
return cur.second+1;
}//if
// 判断是否在字典中并且是否已经访问过
if(dict.count(newWord) > 0 && visited.count(newWord) == 0){
visited.insert(newWord);
q.push(make_pair(newWord,cur.second+1));
}//if
}//for
}//for
}//while
if(!found){
return 0;
}//if
}
};