Python中格式化字符串的几种方法，你用对了吗？

% 操作符

在 Python 2.6 之前，可以使用 % 操作符进行字符串的格式化。例如：

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is %s." % name)
Hello everyone, my name is Michael.

如果需要插入的变量数大于 1，需要将这些变量放到一个元组里。

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> age = 20
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is %s, I am %d years old." % (name, age))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael, I am 20 years old.

以上当变量的个数较少时，使用 % 操作符格式化字符串的可读性还是比较强的。但是当变量的个数变多时，可读性会变差，并且容易出错。例如：

>>> first_name = "Michael"
>>> last_name = "Jordan"
>>> age = 20
>>> profession = "writer"
>>> num = 3
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is %s %s, I am %d years old, I am a %s, I have writed %d novels." % (first_name, last_name, age, profession, num))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, I am a writer, I have writed 3 novels.

format 方法

在 Python 2.6 版本中，引入了 format() 方法。format() 方法是对 % 操作符的改进，上面使用 % 操作符的格式化可以对应的改成如下形式：

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is {}.".format(name))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael.

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> age = 20
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is {}, I am {} years old.".format(name, age))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael, I am 20 years old.

>>> first_name = "Michael"
>>> last_name = "Jordan"
>>> age = 20
>>> profession = "writer"
>>> num = 3
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is {} {}, I am {} years old, I am a {}, I have writed {} novels.".format(first_name, last_name, age, profession, num))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, I am a writer, I have writed 3 novels.

在 format() 方法中，由于可以通过索引来引用参数，所以上面例子中 format 的参数顺序不是必须为 first_name、last_name、age、profession、num，我们可以将参数的顺序修改为 age、profession、last_name、first_name、num，然后通过参数的索引来引用参数。age 的索引为 0，profession 的索引为 1，以此类推。

>>> first_name = "Michael"
>>> last_name = "Jordan"
>>> age = 20
>>> profession = "writer"
>>> num = 3
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is {3} {2}, I am {0} years old, I am a {1}, I have writed {4} novels.".format(age,profession,last_name,first_name,num))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, I am a writer, I have writed 3 novels.

除了可以通过索引来访问 format() 的参数外，还可以通过参数名来访问参数，例如：

>>> first_name = "Michael"
>>> last_name = "Jordan"
>>> age = 20
>>> profession = "writer"
>>> num = 3
>>> print("Hello everyone, my name is {first_name} {last_name}, I am {age} years old, I am a {profession}, I have writed {num} novels.".format(age=age,profession=profession,last_name=last_name,first_name=first_name,num=num))
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, I am a writer, I have writed 3 novels.

format() 方法在可读性方面比 % 操作符有了较大的改进，但是当参数个数较多时，依然比较容易出错。

f-string

在 Python 3.6 版本中，引入了 formatted string literals，简称 f-string。f-string 在语法方面和 format() 类似，但是更加简洁。使用 f-string 可将上述例子修改如下：

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> print(f"Hello everyone, my name is {name}.")
Hello everyone, my name is Michael.

>>> name = "Michael"
>>> age = 20
>>> print(f"Hello everyone, my name is {name}, I am {age} years old.")
Hello everyone, my name is Michael, I am 20 years old.

>>> first_name = "Michael"
>>> last_name = "Jordan"
>>> age = 20
>>> profession = "writer"
>>> num = 3
>>> print(f"Hello everyone, my name is {first_name} {last_name}, I am {age} years old, I am a {profession}, I have writed {num} novels.")
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, I am a writer, I have writed 3 novels.

从上面几个例子可以看出，f-string 语法更加简洁，而且不容易出错。由于 f-string 的特性，我们不但可以在 {} 中放置变量名，而且可以放置任何有效的表达式。例如：

>>> print(f"{1+2}")
3

在 {} 中，我们还可以进行函数的调用

>>> def to_uppercase(input):
...     return input.upper()

>>> name = "Michael Jordan"
>>> print(f"{to_uppercase(name)}")
MICHAEL JORDAN

在类中，我们也可以使用 {}。

>>> class Writer:
...     def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, age):
...         self.first_name = first_name
...         self.last_name = last_name
...         self.age = age
...     def __str__(self):
...         return f"Hello everyone, my name is {self.first_name} {self.last_name}, I am {self.age} years old."
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return f"Hello everyone, my name is {self.first_name} {self.last_name}, I am {self.age} years old, good!."
...
>>> new_writer = Writer("Michael", "Jordan", 20)
>>> new_writer
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old, good!.
>>> print(new_writer)
Hello everyone, my name is Michael Jordan, I am 20 years old.

总结

本文讨论了格式化字符串的几种方式以及他们之间的优劣，为我们选择合适的方法进行字符串的格式化提供指导。