[Thinking in Java]15.泛型

1.泛型接口与工厂方法设计模式相结合.

public class CoffeeGenerator
implements Generator<Coffee>, Iterable<Coffee> {
  private Class[] types = { Latte.class, Mocha.class,
    Cappuccino.class, Americano.class, Breve.class, };
  private static Random rand = new Random(47);
  public CoffeeGenerator() {}
  // For iteration:
  private int size = 0;
  public CoffeeGenerator(int sz) { size = sz; }	
  public Coffee next() {
    try {
      return (Coffee)
        types[rand.nextInt(types.length)].newInstance();
      // Report programmer errors at run time:
    } catch(Exception e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
  }
  class CoffeeIterator implements Iterator<Coffee> {
    int count = size;
    public boolean hasNext() { return count > 0; }
    public Coffee next() {
      count--;
      return CoffeeGenerator.this.next();
    }
    public void remove() { // Not implemented
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
  };	
  public Iterator<Coffee> iterator() {
    return new CoffeeIterator();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CoffeeGenerator gen = new CoffeeGenerator();
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
      System.out.println(gen.next());
    for(Coffee c : new CoffeeGenerator(5))
      System.out.println(c);
  }
}

2.与模板方法设计模式相结合.(模板方法设计模式我的理解是在接口与实现之间再加一个抽象类,完成基本实现)

abstract class GenericWithCreate<T> {
  final T element;
  GenericWithCreate() { element = create(); }
  abstract T create();
}

class X {}

class Creator extends GenericWithCreate<X> {
  X create() { return new X(); }
  void f() {
    System.out.println(element.getClass().getSimpleName());
  }
}	

public class CreatorGeneric {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Creator c = new Creator();
    c.f();
  }
}

3. 装饰器设计模式.这一点似乎和泛型关系不大?(装饰器模式就是类的不同组合,实现一种复杂的功能,典型应用在java i/o)

4.与动态代理模式结合.

class MixinProxy implements InvocationHandler {
  Map<String,Object> delegatesByMethod;
  public MixinProxy(TwoTuple<Object,Class<?>>... pairs) {
    delegatesByMethod = new HashMap<String,Object>();
    for(TwoTuple<Object,Class<?>> pair : pairs) {
      for(Method method : pair.second.getMethods()) {
        String methodName = method.getName();
        // The first interface in the map
        // implements the method.
        if (!delegatesByMethod.containsKey(methodName))
          delegatesByMethod.put(methodName, pair.first);
      }
    }
  }	
  public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method,
    Object[] args) throws Throwable {
    String methodName = method.getName();
    Object delegate = delegatesByMethod.get(methodName);
    return method.invoke(delegate, args);
  }
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static Object newInstance(TwoTuple... pairs) {
    Class[] interfaces = new Class[pairs.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < pairs.length; i++) {
      interfaces[i] = (Class)pairs[i].second;
    }
    ClassLoader cl =
      pairs[0].first.getClass().getClassLoader();
    return Proxy.newProxyInstance(
      cl, interfaces, new MixinProxy(pairs));
  }
}	

5.泛型与数组:无法直接创建数组.有趣的是,你可以声明一个泛型数组,但是没有办法初始化.

6.推荐创建泛型数组的方式:

public class GenericArray2<T> {
  private Object[] array;
  public GenericArray2(int sz) {
    array = new Object[sz];
  }
  public void put(int index, T item) {
    array[index] = item;
  }
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public T get(int index) { return (T)array[index]; }
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public T[] rep() {
    return (T[])array; // Warning: unchecked cast
  }	
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    GenericArray2<Integer> gai =
      new GenericArray2<Integer>(10);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++)
      gai.put(i, i);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i ++)
      System.out.print(gai.get(i) + " ");
    System.out.println();
    try {
      Integer[] ia = gai.rep();
    } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e); }
  }
}

7.通配符的使用原则:PECS producer-extends ,consumer-super.如果参数产生实例供函数使用,就是生产者,如果参数消费实例,则是消费者.不要用通配符类型作为返回类型.

例如我们将 public static <T extends Comparable<T> > max(List<T> list> 修改成如下:

public static<T extends Comparable<? super T> > max(List<? extends T> list )理由如下:

1)list是生产者,生成实例供max选择,因此需要? extends T.

2)Comparable是消费者(永远是消费者),需要两个实例来比较,因此改写成 Comparable<? super T>